This book provides the tools to maintain and rebuild the interaction between architecture and public space. Despite the best intentions of designers and planners, interactive frontages have dwindled over the past century in Europe and North America. This book demonstrates why even our best intentions for interactive frontages are currently unable to turn a swelling tide of economic and technological evolution, land consolidation, introversion, stratification, and contagious decline. It uses these lessons to offer concrete locational, programming, design, and management strategies to maximize street-level interaction and trust between street-level architecture, its inhabitants, and the city. This book demonstrates that designers, developers, planners, and managers ultimately have to create the right preconditions for inhabitants and passersby to bring frontages to life. These preconditions connect architecture to its urban, social, economical, and technological context. Only the right frontage in the right context, with the right design, the right inhabitation, and the right attitude to the city will become part of the ecosystem of trust and interaction that supports public life. This book empowers the many participants in this ecosystem to build, inhabit, and enjoy truly urbane architecture.
In many areas nutrient loadings to aquatic ecosystems have increased considerably as a result of population growth, industrial development and urbanisation. This has resulted in enhanced growth of phytoplankton, shifts in composition of the plankton community and changes in the structure of ecosystems, which are often considered to be objectionable. To help understanding these processes and to predict future conditions, a mathematical model, BLOOM, has been developed and applied since 1977. It simulates the biomass and composition of phytoplankton and macro algae in relation to the amount of nutrients, the under water light climate and grazing.
Nederland is één van de meest dichtbevolkte landen ter wereld. Dan moet je verstandig omgaan met de beschikbare ruimte. Waar gaan we werken, waar wonen en waar vakantie houden? Wat bebouwen en wat blijft ongerept? Nergens ter wereld wordt daar zo grondig over nagedacht als in Nederland. Internationaal geldt Nederland als gidsland op het gebied van de ruimtelijke ordening. Vanwege deze positie, en om aan de vraag vanuit het Engelstalige onderwijs te voorzien, verschijnt nu deze geheel herziene, Engelstalige editie van het standaardwerk Ruimtelijke ordening.
Architecture, Europe, and twentieth century. These are the three terms that define the scope of this book. The century is extended to a hundred-and-twenty years, the architecture is limited to the cultural portion of the production, and Europe is the entire continent, from the North Pole to the Mediterranean Sea, from Iceland to the Urals."--Pref.
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