The book provides a survey about the field of Qualitative Reasoning, it contrasts and classifies its approaches and puts them into a common framework. Qualitative Reasoning represents an approach of Artificial Intelligence to model dynamic systems, about which little information is available, and to derive statements about the potential behavior of these systems, putting emphasis on a causal explanation of the behavior. Both variables and relationships between variables are described by means of qualitative terms such as small and large or positive and negative. Since this approach also takes into consideration the way how humans reason about physical systems, it can be stated that Qualitative Reasoning participates in the creation of a cognitive theory of non-numerical process descriptions which can be mapped onto a digital computer. This approach can be used for simulation, diagnosis, design, structure identification and interpretation. Areas of application are physics, medicine, the field of ecology, process control, etc. In addition to the classification of existing methods, the book presents a new approach based on fuzzy sets. And the work relates Qualitative Reasoning with such fields of Expert Systems, System Theory and Cognitive Science.
Although only a few years old, electronic commerce offers new ways of doing business that no business can afford to ignore. This book is a collection of selected contributions from renowned researchers who specialize in the various facets of electronic commerce, namely economics, finance, information technology, and education. The basic goal is to give an overview of some of the most relevant topics in E-Commerce.
Everything is digital – whether it concerns the private sphere, work or public life. The technological progress involves both enormous chances and great risks. What are the social challenges we face? Which role does ethics play? Will the digital revolution necessarily serve the common good?Experts from various fields, among them computer science, economy, sociology and philosophy, address these questions and contribute to a necessary critical dialogue.
HauptbeschreibungTime has a strong impact on the leisure and tourism industry. How people spend their time now and particularly in the future will have major implications for leisure and tourism markets. At this stage there are increasingly new patterns of time allocation and hybrid forms of life time activities. Many of the new patterns of time allocation are overlapping into the sphere of recreational activities. Also the traditional use of leisure time itself is changing into new actions. Among the major forces which account for these changes are long-term declines in economic and productivi.
Information systems in tourism, such as reservation systems, yield management systems, and tourism-marketing systems, have been among the pioneers of leading-edge technology applications and are among the most successful users of e-commerce. From both a technological and a management point of view, this book focuses on interorganizational processes and information systems, providing a coherent picture of current trends and future possibilities.
The book provides a survey about the field of Qualitative Reasoning, it contrasts and classifies its approaches and puts them into a common framework. Qualitative Reasoning represents an approach of Artificial Intelligence to model dynamic systems, about which little information is available, and to derive statements about the potential behavior of these systems, putting emphasis on a causal explanation of the behavior. Both variables and relationships between variables are described by means of qualitative terms such as small and large or positive and negative. Since this approach also takes into consideration the way how humans reason about physical systems, it can be stated that Qualitative Reasoning participates in the creation of a cognitive theory of non-numerical process descriptions which can be mapped onto a digital computer. This approach can be used for simulation, diagnosis, design, structure identification and interpretation. Areas of application are physics, medicine, the field of ecology, process control, etc. In addition to the classification of existing methods, the book presents a new approach based on fuzzy sets. And the work relates Qualitative Reasoning with such fields of Expert Systems, System Theory and Cognitive Science.
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