The period of modern numismatics (since about 1800) is perhaps the most interesting ever. Within this period different types of standards (silver, gold, bimetallic) alternated, and periods of sometimes impressive inflation occurred, resulting in alternate use of metallic (coins) and paper (treasury notes, banknotes) money. In this series of books it is aimed to develop a scientific classification of the different appearances of circulating money (both coins and different types of paper and polymer money) in one system. It focuses purely on permanent circulation money to avoid incorporation of modern commemorative coins that are in many instances hardly seeing any circulation. The currency described in this series is classified according to a newly developed classification scheme, that is based on four levels: i) The nominal value, ii) The first year a new coin or paper money series is issued, iii) The year of a specific issue and iv) variations of specimens within a year. As the catalogues in this book series are type catalogues they focus on the first two levels of this classification only. This first volume describes the circulation coin and paper money types of the Netherlands. That concerns all normal circulation money that circulated in the country since the decimalisation of the Gulden in 1817. It describes the coins and paper money stricktly in increasing nominal value from the lowest (the half cent coin) to the highest (the 1000 Gulden banknote). During the reporting period one denomination has taken place. In 1999/2002 the Gulden was replace by the Euro at a ratio of 1 Euro for 2.20371 Gulden. Unlike most other catalogues the Euro specimens are catalogued between the Gulden specimens based on this nominal ratio.
The geochemistry of chlorine isotopes" describes Hans Eggenkamp's studies to obtain his PhD degree at Utrecht University. It describes methods to measure stable chlorine isotope variations in different types of natural samples, theoretical fractionation as the result of diffusion and about ten case studies showing chlorine isotope fractionation in natural systems. In these case studies it was discovered that chlorine stable isotopes fractionate only little, although systematically, in processes such as salt precipitation and diffusion. Variations found in natural samples reflect as such in most cases processes that take place within (larger) reservoirs. The main purpose of the project was to develop procedures to measure stable chlorine isotope compositions in different sample types and to study variations therein. The study gives a good overview of the knowledge on stable chlorine isotope geochemistry at the moment of its original publication in 1994.
The period of modern numismatics (since about 1800) is perhaps the most interesting ever. Within this period different types of standards (silver, gold, bimetallic) alternated, and periods of sometimes impressive inflation occurred, resulting in alternate use of metallic (coins) and paper (treasury notes, banknotes) money. In this series of books it is aimed to develop a scientific classification of the different appearances of circulating money (both coins and different types of paper and polymer money) in one system. It focuses purely on permanent circulation money to avoid incorporation of modern commemorative coins that are in many instances hardly seeing any circulation. The currency described in this series is classified according to a newly developed classification scheme, that is based on four levels: i) The nominal value, ii) The first year a new coin or paper money series is issued, iii) The year of a specific issue and iv) variations of specimens within a year. As the catalogues in this book series are type catalogues they focus on the first two levels of this classification only. This first volume describes the circulation coin and paper money types of the Netherlands. That concerns all normal circulation money that circulated in the country since the decimalisation of the Gulden in 1817. It describes the coins and paper money stricktly in increasing nominal value from the lowest (the half cent coin) to the highest (the 1000 Gulden banknote). During the reporting period one denomination has taken place. In 1999/2002 the Gulden was replace by the Euro at a ratio of 1 Euro for 2.20371 Gulden. Unlike most other catalogues the Euro specimens are catalogued between the Gulden specimens based on this nominal ratio.
Portugal is one of the richest countries in thermal and mineral water resources of the world. These thermal and mineral waters show a large variety in chemical compositions. From around 500 mineral springs and wells the chemical compositions were collected from public sources and these are plotted on maps that show the distribution of 13 different elements (lithium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, aluminium, iron, fluoride, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, carbonate, sulphide and silica) as well as the total dissolved solids and the pH. These maps show how the chemistry of the thermal and mineral waters are related to the very diverse geology of Portugal. The maps that are presented in this Atlas are very useful for several scientific and geochemical purposes, such as geological, chemical, medical and environmental sciences, as well as technological applications in industry, balneotherapy and geothermics. It is hoped that the publication of this Atlas will increase the interest in the geochemistry of the Portuguese thermal and mineral resources and that in the near future more detailed studies involving also chemical analysis of minor and trace elements are presented which would enlarge the application of a new geochemical atlas either in environmental geochemistry or in medical geochemical domains.
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