The present Supplement Volume Beryllium A 3 continues and completes the description of the physical properties of the element, begun in Supplement Volume A 2, 1991, and also treats the electrochemical behavior of the metal. The unique combination of the Be properties, which was pointed out in Supplement Volume A 2, is also demonstrated in the following chapters of this Volume A 3: 13. Electrical Properties 14. Electronic Properties 15. Optical Properties. Emission and Impact Phenomena 16. Electrochemical Behavior Starting with the electrical properties, Be isarather good electrical conductor in centrast to what might be expected. Superconductivity was studied, especially on films. Quantum effects, which are more pronounced in Be than in most other metals, are the reason for numerous in vestigations of the magnetoresistance and the magnetic-breakdown effect. The basis for many of the characteristic properties is the unique nature of bonding in Be as a consequence of its peculiar electronic structure and the special shape of its Fermi surface which also gave rise to further numerous studies. Detailed cluster calculations were per formed to better understand the bonding in the metal. Regarding the optical properties, the high reflectivity of Be, particularly in the infrared region, makes it attractive for the fabrication of precision optical surfaces (mirrors); it is also useful for solar-collector surfaces in spacecraft applications. Emission and electron-and ion impact phenomena as well as neutron optics are also discussed.
The present volume is part of the Tungsten Supplement A series covering the production, use, physical properties, and chemical reactions of the metallic element. It treats the potentials and the cathodic and anodic behavior of tungsten electrodes in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions and in melts. This is supplemented by a description of the kinetics and the mechanism of the reactions found by polarographic and voltammetric experiments to proceed between mercury, amalgam, or inert electrodes and W ions in various media. In chapters "Electrodeposition" and "Electrolytic Etching, Polishing, and Machining" the present volume complements corresponding short sections in Supplement Volume A 1, treating technological aspects, by describing the processes occurring on a more scientific basis and by considering also the more recent literature. A great number of publications had to be evaluated, with the majority contributed by Russian authors.
This book examines in depth the painter Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) and the sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Other painters and sculptors gathered around these two geniuses in Rome in the first decades of the 17th century. Together they formulated a new artistic language which later came to be known as Roman Baroque. In a very short period of time, Rome became an international cultural hotspot, the breeding ground of new ideas and initiatives. Artists from all over Europe came to the Eternal City to study the many remnants of Roman Antiquity and to seek the increasing patronage of the popes, cardinals, and the local nobility. More than ever before, painters and sculptors shared ambitions, personal friendships, and worked together, often on large papal projects. Caravaggio, Bernini, and their fellow artists embody this artistic fraternisation. Together, their works tell the story of the birth of this new movement in art, and the radical artistic innovation which would prove to have far reaching influence in Europe.00Exhibition: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria (15.10.2019-19.01.2020) / Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (02.-05.2020).
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