This report summarizes research performed by the Department of Civil Engineering on water and revenue loss problems in water utilities commonly referred to as 'unaccounted-for water'. The research was conducted by the principal investigator and graduate students with assistance from Community Consultants, Inc. of Springville, Utah. The American Water Works Association Research Foundation (AWWARF) sponsored this project. The objectives of this effort are to: 1. assess the value of various methods used to measure quantities of water that are lost of not accounted for; 2. provide an appraisal of the techniques available to monitor such losses; 3. suggest standardized definitions for the terms used to describe the types and sources of water and revenue losses; and 4. identify solutions available to utilities to control such losses of water or revenue including generalized benefit/cost analysis of suggested solutions.
Design of Water Quality Monitoring Systems Design of Water Quality Monitoring Systems presents a state-of-the-art approach to designing a water quality monitoring system that gets consistently valid results. It seeks to provide a strong scientific basis for monitoring that will enable readers to establish cost-effective environmental programs. The book begins by reviewing the evolution of water quality monitoring as an information system, and then defines water quality monitoring as a system, following the flow of information through six major components: sample collection, laboratory analysis, data handling, data analysis, reporting, and information utilization. The importance of statistics in obtaining useful information is discussed next, followed by the presentation of an overall approach to designing a total water quality information system. This sets the stage for a thorough examination of the quantification of information expectations, data analysis, network design, and the writing of the final design report. Several case studies describe the efforts of various organizations and individuals to design water quality monitoring systems using many of the concepts discussed here. A helpful summary and final system design checklist are also provided. Design of Water Quality Monitoring Systems will be an essential working tool for a broad range of managers, environmental scientists, chemists, toxicologists, regulators, and public officials involved in monitoring water quality. The volume will also be of great interest to professionals in government, industry, and academia concerned with establishing sound environmental programs.
Smarter Water - Increase Revenue - Decrease Costs - Delight Customers - Preserve Our Most Vital Resource Solving the Water Crisis With Data Supply-side engineering - massive reservoirs, colossal water diversion schemes, pumping rivers across mountaintops, and even desalination - are relics of a bygone era in water management. The environmental and financial costs are simply too high. No supply-side solution can match the simplicity, resilience and effectiveness of a data-driven demand-side management program that reduces consumption, identifies losses, increases the life of our existing infrastructure and improves the financial capabilities of our utilities. The development of the smart grid for water is, for the first time, providing water managers with a complete understanding of not only how much water is used, but where and when. The 21st century water manager needs to manage the flow of data and information as well as the flow of water. Our future depends on it.
Freshwater systems are disproportionately adversely affected by the ongoing, global environmental crisis. The effective and efficient water resource conservation and management necessary to mitigate the crisis requires monitoring data, especially on water quality. This is recognized by Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, particularly indicator 6.3.2., which requires all UN member states to measure and report the ‘proportion of water bodies with good ambient water quality’. However, gathering sufficient data on water quality is reliant on data collection at spatial and temporal scales that are generally outside the capacity of institutions using conventional methods. Digital technologies, such as wireless sensor networks and remote sensing, have come to the fore as promising avenues to increase the scope of data collection and reporting. Citizen science (which goes by many names, e.g., participatory science or community-based monitoring) has also been earmarked as a powerful mechanism to improve monitoring. However, both avenues have drawbacks and limitations. The synergy between the strengths of modern technologies and citizen science presents an opportunity to use the best features of each to mitigate the shortcomings of the other. This paper briefly synthesizes recent research illustrating how smartphones, sometimes in conjunction with other sensors, present a nexus point method for citizen scientists to engage with and use sophisticated modern technology for water quality monitoring. This paper also presents a brief, non-exhaustive research synthesis of some examples of current technological upgrades or innovations regarding smartphones in citizen science water quality monitoring in developing countries and how these can assist in objective, comprehensive, and improved data collection, management and reporting. While digital innovations are being rapidly developed worldwide, there remains a paucity of scientific and socioeconomic validation of their suitability and usefulness within citizen science. This perhaps contributes to the fact that the uptake and upscaling of smartphone-assisted citizen science continues to underperform compared to its potential within water resource management and SDG reporting. Ultimately, we recommend that more rigorous scientific research efforts be dedicated to exploring the suitability of digital innovations in citizen science in the context of developing countries and SDG reporting.
This research studied the use of multi-element sensors based on electrochemical techniques for optimizing information related to corrosion control in water distribution systems. Such on-line sensor methods could provide an affordable and reliable tool for daily monitoring and mitigate some of the costs associated with following the mandates of the EPA's corrosion control for potable water.
STATISTICS IN PRACTICE A practical exploration of alternative approaches to analyzing water-related environmental issues Written by an experienced environmentalist and recognized expert in the field, this text is designed to help water resource managers and scientists to formulate, implement, and interpret more effective methods of water quality management. After presenting the basic foundation for using statistical methods in water resource management, including the use of appropriate hypothesis test procedures and some rapid calculation procedures, the author offers a range of practical problems and solutions on environmental topics that often arise, but are not generally covered. These include: * Formulating water quality standards * Determining compliance with standards * MPNs and microbiology * Water-related, human health risk modeling * Trends, impacts, concordance, and detection limits In order to promote awareness of alternative approaches to analyzing data, both frequentist and Bayesian, statistical methods are contrasted in terms of their applicability to various environmental issues. Each chapter ends with a number of set problems for which full answers are provided. The book also encourages discussion between technical staff and management before embarking on statistical studies.
Working entirely in harmony with nature, The Permaculture Garden shows you how to turn a bare plot into a beautiful and productive garden. Learn how to plan your garden for easy access and minimum labor; save time and effort digging and weeding; recycle materials to save money; plan crop successions for year-round harvests; save energy and harvest water; and garden without chemicals by building up your soil and planting in beneficial communities. Full of practical ideas, this perennial classic, first published in 1995, is guaranteed to inspire, inform, and entertain.
Four photo-filled volumes in this brand-new series present aquarium enthusiasts with virtually all the facts they need to create beautiful and healthful environments for fish and other aquatic life. Dazzling color photographs with detailed, informative captions and step-by-step instructions will quickly turn beginners into capable aquarium hobbyists, while providing advice and ideas that will inspire experienced fish keepers to add variety and interest to their tanks and ponds. Handsomely laid-out pages present essential information at a glance. More than 200 stunning color photos in every volume.With photos and detailed descriptions, this book describes the wide variety of available freshwater fish that are suitable for outdoor garden ponds in temperate climates.
Four photo-filled volumes in this brand-new series present aquarium enthusiasts with virtually all the facts they need to create beautiful and healthful environments for fish and other aquatic life. Dazzling color photographs with detailed, informative captions and step-by-step instructions will quickly turn beginners into capable aquarium hobbyists, while providing advice and ideas that will inspire experienced fish keepers to add variety and interest to their tanks and ponds. Handsomely laid-out pages present essential information at a glance. More than 200 stunning color photos in every volume.An outdoor fish pond adds real beauty to any yard setting. This book covers all important aspects of pond maintenance: construction, choosing the right fish and aquatic plants, and more.
The new and updated edition of this accessible text provides a comprehensive overview of the comparative physiology of animals within an environmental context. Includes two brand new chapters on Nerves and Muscles and the Endocrine System. Discusses both comparative systems physiology and environmental physiology. Analyses and integrates problems and adaptations for each kind of environment: marine, seashore and estuary, freshwater, terrestrial and parasitic. Examines mechanisms and responses beyond physiology. Applies an evolutionary perspective to the analysis of environmental adaptation. Provides modern molecular biology insights into the mechanistic basis of adaptation, and takes the level of analysis beyond the cell to the membrane, enzyme and gene. Incorporates more varied material from a wide range of animal types, with less of a focus purely on terrestrial reptiles, birds and mammals and rather more about the spectacularly successful strategies of invertebrates. A companion site for this book with artwork for downloading is available at: www.blackwellpublishing.com/willmer/
This revised and updated 3rd edition outlines the structure of the global industry and future trends, highlights issues facing the industrial valve industry, assesses market and technological trends, offers market figures and forecasts to 2009 and identifies the major players. The report also provides a detailed overview of merger and acquisition activity in the industrial valve industry since 2000.
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