Natural resources (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form. A natural resource is often characterized by amounts of biodiversity existent in various ecosystems. Natural resources are derived from the environment. This is currently restricted to the environment of Earth yet the theoretical possibility remains of extracting them from outside the planet, such as the asteroid belt. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants.
Environmental science is an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates physical and biological sciences, (including physics, chemistry, biology, soil science, geology, and geography) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems.
Contents: Eco-system, Form and Processes: Conceptual Framework, Process of Urbanisation, Migration Regional Development and Territorial Planning, Concept of Geo-ecological Processes and Geo-spatial Paradigm, Concept of Work and Workers in Global Perspective, Concept of Perception and Source of Confusion in Environmental Research, Concepts and Issues of Environmental Mapping, Concept of Settlement, Domicile and Residence in Law Point of View, Geomorphic Environment, Flood Hazard and Its Management: A Case Study of Jaunpur District, U.P., Environmental Scenario of Chitrakut Upland; Its Past, Present and Future, Profile of India s Population on the Threshold of the 21st Century, Role of Non-polluting Renewable Energy Systems in Human Resource Development, Recycling of Wastes for Human Resource Development, Environmental Assessment of Ganga Basin, Stream Segmentation and Bifurcation Ratio (Rb) of Pachmarhi Hills, M.P.
Restoration ecology is the scientific study and practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action. Restoration ecology emerged as a separate field in ecology in the 1980s.
Contents: Elements of Physical Environment, Topographic Variations, Physiographic Regionalisation and Drainage System, Linear Properties of Drainage Network, Areal Properties of Drainage Network, Relief Properties of Drainage Network, Major Components of Drainage Hierarchy, Slope Evolution and Environmental Control, Micro-Relief Analysis, Drainage Dissection and Profile Analysis, Groundwater Analysis and Environmental Planning, Models of Inter Correlated Morphometric, Variables, Denudation Chronology and Plantation Surfaces.
Protein secretion in all living organisms is a complex and essential function that regulates many biological processes. The cell envelope is a critical macromolecular structure that encases and protects the internal components and is a barrier for protein secretion. In Gram-negative bacteria the cell envelope consists of two membranes and a cell wall that results in additional complexities for protein trafficking. A subset of secreted factors are cell surface proteins that enable cells to communicate with neighbors and respond to external stimuli. In the Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus, TraA is an important cell surface receptor that regulates kin recognition and social behaviors. Perhaps surprisingly, the list of sorting and secretion pathways for cell surface proteins in Gram-negative bacteria is incomplete. Here, I addressed this knowledge gap by using TraA as a model protein. In the M. xanthus DK1622 genome there are 34 ORFs, including TraA, which contain a putative C-terminal sorting tag, known as MYXO-CTERM. Importantly this motif is universally distributed across genomes within the order Myxococcales. In my dissertation, I show that MYXO-CTERM motif is generally essential for sorting proteins to the cell surface. Additionally, I show these Sec-dependent proteins cross the outer membrane through the type II secretion system. In related work I studied the social and molecular consequences of kin recognition mediated by TraA. One outcome involves the cell-to-cell exchange of polymorphic toxins. Here I examined the modular nature of these SitA lipoprotein toxins. I showed that the N-terminal escort domains (EDs) in SitA toxins, which is the basis for their classification into six families, are indeed modular. This was done by domain swapping experiments that showed the specificity for cytoplasmic entry correspondingly changed. That is, when an ED from SitA3 was swapped with a SitA5 ED, it become active against a SitA3-resistant mutant, while becoming inactive against a SitA5-resistant mutant. I also showed that different SitA alleles within the same toxin family can have EDs that follow divergent cytoplasmic entry pathways. In another approach, I used RNA-Seq to study gene expression changes triggered by TraAB function that occurs after a transition from liquid to surface growth. My preliminary transcriptomics data found one gene in particular, MXAN_2782, was upregulated >70-fold in response to TraAB function. The role of this gene in TraAB mediated intracellular signaling remains to be explored, but it does represent a biomarker for TraAB activity, which involves cell-cell exchange of outer membrane components. Transcriptomics data also indicate that an osmotic shock response occurred when cells were shifted from liquid to surface growth on agar media. Finally, this dissertation discusses the molecular and social consequences of TraAB function from my findings, along with future avenues of investigation.
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