This book provides a state-of-the-art introduction to categorial grammar, a type of formal grammar which analyses expressions as functions or according to a function-argument relationship. The book's focus is on linguistic, computational, and psycholinguistic aspects of logical categorial grammar, i.e. enriched Lambek Calculus. Glyn Morrill opens with the history and notation of Lambek Calculus and its application to syntax, semantics, and processing. Successive chapters extend the grammar to a number of significant syntactic and semantic properties of natural language. The final part applies Morrill's account to several current issues in processing and parsing, considered from both a psychological and a computational perspective. The book offers a rigorous and thoughtful study of one of the main lines of research in the formal and mathematical theory of grammar, and will be suitable for students of linguistics and cognitive science from advanced undergraduate level upwards.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics, LACL 2001, held in Le Croisic, France, in June 2001. The 16 revised full papers presented together with two invited papers were carefully reviewed and selected for presentation. Among the topics covered are categorical grammars, dependency grammars, formal language theory, grammatical inference, hyperintensional semantics, minimalism, type-logical semantics, language learning, and natural language processing.
This is not quite the book I originally intended to write. Since I first felt that linguistic application of categorial grammar merited a system atic presentation, I have been subject to (what seemed to be) a series of demanding technical and foundational distractions. Inspite of a prej udice that mathematical elegance was even inconsistent with linguistic practicality, repeated illumination of the latter by the former implied a new perspective on the field, one prompting formal innovation, and some re-examination of methods and goals. This piece collects and extends work over the last four years general ising categorial grammar to a categorial logic. The state of the art at the beginning of that period was represented by the edited collections Oehrle, Bach and Wheeler (1988) and Buszkowski, Marciszewski and van Benthem (1988) (see Morrill 1991a, b), and by Moortgat (1988b). Familiarity with such work however is not strictly necessary for an un derstanding of the present one, which attempts to map a self-contained, if intensive, course with Montague Grammar as its point of departure. This being the case, the reader should have an understanding of logical semantics and its technicalities, such as would be obtained from Dowty, Wall and Peters (1981), or Gamut (1991). Some familiarity with the issues raised by contemporary syntactic theories would also be useful, as would some familiarity with logical deduction.
This book provides a state-of-the-art introduction to categorial grammar, a type of formal grammar which analyses expressions as functions or according to a function-argument relationship. The book's focus is on linguistic, computational, and psycholinguistic aspects of logical categorial grammar, i.e. enriched Lambek Calculus. Glyn Morrill opens with the history and notation of Lambek Calculus and its application to syntax, semantics, and processing. Successive chapters extend the grammar to a number of significant syntactic and semantic properties of natural language. The final part applies Morrill's account to several current issues in processing and parsing, considered from both a psychological and a computational perspective. The book offers a rigorous and thoughtful study of one of the main lines of research in the formal and mathematical theory of grammar, and will be suitable for students of linguistics and cognitive science from advanced undergraduate level upwards.
Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCR is a powerful analytical tool with broad application for the basic and applied life sciences. Compared with conventional PCR technology, Rapid Cycle Real-Time PCR is faster, has greater specificity, and is more easily adaptable for a variety of diagnostic tests, including qualitative, quantitative and mutation detection assays. This book provides general overviews of this technology for use in the clinical microbiology laboratory as well as specific diagnostic protocols for the detection of viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens and genetically modified organisms in human specimens and foodstuffs. All of these protocols have been developed, verified, and validated by experts in the field and should be of great interest for clinical microbiologists, pathologists, laboratory technologists as well as practicing physicians.
This is a straight-forward, readable account, written with the minimum of jargon, of the central importance of money in the ordinary business of the life of different people throughout the ages from ancient times to the present day. It includes the Barings crisis and the report by the Bank of England on Barings Bank; up-to-date information on the state of Japanese banking and the changes in the financial scene in the US. It also touches on the US housing market and the problem of negative equity. The paradox of why more coins than ever before are required in an increasingly cashless society is clearly explained, as is the role of the Euro coin as the lowest common denominator in Europe's controversial single currency system. The final section provides evidence to suggest that for most of the world's richer countries the era of persistent inflation may well be at an end. This new edition is updated and takes account of important recent developments such as the independence of the Bank of England, the introduction of Euro notes and coins from 1st of January 2002 and developments in electronic money.
On the night of 7th March 1623, the Prince of Wales and the Duke of Buckingham knocked on the door of the British embassy in Madrid. Their unsolicited arrival began one of the most bizarre episodes in British history, as the Protestant heir to the Stuart throne struggled to win the Spanish Infanta as his bride. secure a marriage between the leading Protestant and Catholic royal families and heal Europe's century-old division into warring Christian camps. The effort was a diplomatic disaster. It split political and religious opinion in Britain, alienated much of Italy and Germany, confused the Spaniards (who thought that the English crown was about to convert), and failed to secure a marriage or to resolve the Thirty Years' War. explanation of this pivotal moment and tells a fascinating story of early modern politicking, cultural misunderstanding and religious confusion.
`[An] excellent book... an important source of learning, bringing clarity and insight into often isolated areas′ - Counselling in Medical Settings (CMS) Journal `Glyn Hudson-Allez′s book is very well researched and clearly written... time-limited therapy is an effective and professional means of offering practical help and the book is highly recommended reading for all counsellors wishing to work in this way′ - Family Practice As general practitioners are increasingly capping provision of counselling sessions, time-limited therapy skills are becoming ever-more important to counsellors working alongside GPs. Time-limited therapy provides a specific set of skills which enable counsellors to cope successfully with the large number and wide range of referrals they can receive in primary care settings. This book covers both difficulties commonly presented in primary care, such as anxiety, stress, bereavement and depression, and problems not usually considered appropriate for working within a time-limited framework - such as eating disorders, medical complaints and abuse: the author shows that clients with such problems can also be helped effectively. Integrating counselling skills with psychological knowledge, Glyn Hudson-Allez outlines the psychological and physical aspects of each problem and provides concise guidelines, with illustrative case studies, on how time-limited therapy can be used efficiently in each case. She also discusses the administration and evaluation of a counselling service within primary care.
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