Global 2000 Study (U.S.)'s Books

SBIR/STTR at the National Institutes of Health

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program--Phase II

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SBIR/STTR at the National Institutes of Health

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs provide federal research and development funding to small businesses. In 2008, the National Research Council completed a comprehensive assessment of the SBIR and STTR programs. The first-round study found that the programs were "sound in concept and effective in practice." Building on the outcomes from the Phase I study, this second phase examines both topics of general policy interest that emerged during the first phase and topics of specific interest to individual agencies, and provides a second snapshot to measure the program's progress against its legislative goals.

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461

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030937877X

ISBN 13

9780309378772

Meeting Global Challenges

German-U.S. Innovation Policy: Summary of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative National Innovation Policies: Best Practice for the 21st Century

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Meeting Global Challenges

German-U.S. Innovation Policy: Summary of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative National Innovation Policies: Best Practice for the 21st Century

While nations have always competed for territory, mineral riches, water, and other physical assets, they compete most vigorously today for technology-based innovations and the value that flows from them. Much of this value is based on creating scientific knowledge and transforming it into new products and services for the market. This process of innovation is complex and interdisciplinary. Sometimes it draws on the genius of individuals, but even then it requires sustained collective effort, often underpinned by significant national investments. Capturing the value of these investments to spur domestic economic growth and employment is a challenge in a world where the outputs of innovation disseminate rapidly. Those equipped to understand, apply, and profit from new knowledge and technical advances are increasingly able to capture the long-term economic benefits of growth and employment. In response to this new, more distributed innovation paradigm, the National Academies Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) convened leading academics, business leaders, and senior policymakers from Germany and the United States to examine the strengths and challenges of their innovation systems. More specifically, they met to compare their respective approaches to innovation, to learn from their counterparts about best practices and shared challenges, and to identify cooperative opportunities. The symposium was held in Berlin and organized jointly by the German Institute for Economic Research (DIW) and the U.S. National Academies with support of the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) and the American Embassy in Berlin. Both U.S. and German participants described common challenges on a wide variety of issues ranging from energy security and climate change to low-emissions transportation, early-stage financing, and workforce training. While recognizing their differences in approach to these challenges, participants on both sides drew out valuable lessons from each other's policies and practices. Participants were also aware of the need to adapt to a new global environment where many countries have focused new policy measures and new resources to support innovative firms and promising industries. Meeting Global Challenges: U.S.-German Innovation Policy reviews the participants meeting and sets goals and recommendations for future policy.

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241

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030926359X

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9780309263597

Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks

Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century

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Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks

Global Best Practices: Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century

Many nations are currently adopting a variety of directed strategies to launch and support research parks, often with significant financial commitments and policy support. By better understanding how research parks of other nations operate, we can seek to improve the scale and contributions of parks in the U.S. To that end, the National Academies convened an international conference on global best practices in research parks. This volume, a report of the conference, includes discussion of the diverse roles that research parks in both universities and laboratories play in national innovation systems. The presentations identify common challenges and demonstrate substantial differences in research park programs around the world.

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215

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309145465

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9780309145466

Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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Cancer Control Opportunities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

By: Institute of Medicine,Board on Global Health,Committee on Cancer Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Cancer is low or absent on the health agendas of low- and middle-income countries (LMCs) despite the fact that more people die from cancer in these countries than from AIDS and malaria combined. International health organizations, bilateral aid agencies, and major foundations—which are instrumental in setting health priorities—also have largely ignored cancer in these countries. This book identifies feasible, affordable steps for LMCs and their international partners to begin to reduce the cancer burden for current and future generations. Stemming the growth of cigarette smoking tops the list to prevent cancer and all the other major chronic diseases. Other priorities include infant vaccination against the hepatitis B virus to prevent liver cancers and vaccination to prevent cervical cancer. Developing and increasing capacity for cancer screening and treatment of highly curable cancers (including most childhood malignancies) can be accomplished using "resource-level appropriateness" as a guide. And there are ways to make inexpensive oral morphine available to ease the pain of the many who will still die from cancer.

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341

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309103843

ISBN 13

9780309103848

Using Human Resource Data to Track Innovation

Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Using Human Resource Data to Track Innovation

Summary of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Despite the fact that technology is embodied in human as well as physical capital and that interactions among technically trained people are critical to innovation and technology diffusion, data on scientists, engineers and other professionals have not been adequately exploited to illuminate the productivity of and changing patterns in innovation. STEP convened a workshop to examine how data on qualifications and career paths, mobility, cross sector relationships, and the structure of work in firms could shed light on issues of research productivity, interactions among private and public sector institutions, and other aspects of innovation.

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309182921

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9780309182928

Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

A Program Review

By: Institute of Medicine,Medical Follow-Up Agency,Committee to Review the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

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Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

A Program Review

By: Institute of Medicine,Medical Follow-Up Agency,Committee to Review the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

Perspectives on the Department of Defense Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System: A Program Review describes the capacity, quality, and effectiveness of the international and domestic facilities and programs that are a part of a DoD system to monitor and address emerging infectious diseases globally. The committee concludes that the goals of the system are in U.S. military, U.S. civilian, and global public health interests and that substantial progress has been made toward achieving system goals.

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214

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309170397

ISBN 13

9780309170390

SBIR at the National Science Foundation

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SBIR at the National Science Foundation

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships, and was established in 1982 to encourage small businesses to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the U.S. government's many missions. The U.S. Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR program has stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs, and with recommending further improvements to the program. In the first round of this study, an ad hoc committee prepared a series of reports from 2004 to 2009 on the SBIR program at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program's operations-including the National Science Foundation (NSF). Building on the outcomes from the first round, this second round presents the committee's second review of the NSF SBIR program's operations. Public-private partnerships like SBIR are particularly important since today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs.

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367

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309311969

ISBN 13

9780309311960

Securing the Future

Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Securing the Future

Regional and National Programs to Support the Semiconductor Industry

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Based on the deliberations of a high-level international conference, this report summarizes the presentations of an exceptional group of experts, convened by Intel's Chairman Emeritus Gordon Moore and SEMATECH's Chairman Emeritus William Spencer. The report documents the critical technological challenges facing this key industry and the rapid growth in government-industry partnerships overseas to support centers of semiconductor research and production in national economies. Importantly, the report provides a series of recommendations designed to strengthen U.S. research in disciplines supporting the continued growth of semiconductor industry, an industry which has made major contributions to the remarkable increases in productivity in the U.S. economy.

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342

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309085012

ISBN 13

9780309085014

Medical Innovation in the Changing Healthcare Marketplace

Conference Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Medical Innovation in the Changing Healthcare Marketplace

Conference Summary

By: National Research Council,Institute of Medicine,Board on Health Care Services,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

A wave of new health care innovation and growing demand for health care, coupled with uncertain productivity improvements, could severely challenge efforts to control future health care costs. A committee of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine organized a conference to examine key health care trends and their impact on medical innovation. The conference addressed the following question: In an environment of renewed concern about rising health care costs, where can public policy stimulate or remove disincentives to the development, adoption and diffusion of high-value innovation in diagnostics, therapeutics, and devices?

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National Academies Press

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0309084164

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9780309084161

Research Universities and the Future of America

Ten Breakthrough Actions Vital to Our Nation's Prosperity and Security

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on Research Universities

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Research Universities and the Future of America

Ten Breakthrough Actions Vital to Our Nation's Prosperity and Security

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Committee on Research Universities

Research Universities and the Future of America presents critically important strategies for ensuring that our nation's research universities contribute strongly to America's prosperity, security, and national goals. Widely considered the best in the world, our nation's research universities today confront significant financial pressures, important advances in technology, a changing demographic landscape, and increased international competition. This report provides a course of action for ensuring our universities continue to produce the knowledge, ideas, and talent the United States needs to be a global leader in the 21st century. Research Universities and the Future of America focuses on strengthening and expanding the partnership among universities and government, business, and philanthropy that has been central to American prosperity and security. The report focuses on the top 10 actions that Congress, the federal government, state governments, research universities, and others could take to strengthen the research and education missions of our research universities, their relationships with other parts of the national research enterprise, and their ability to transfer new knowledge and ideas to those who productively use them in our society and economy. This report examines trends in university finance, prospects for improving university operations, opportunities for deploying technology, and improvement in the regulation of higher education institutions. It also explores ways to improve pathways to graduate education, take advantage of opportunities to increase student diversity, and realign doctoral education for the careers new doctorates will follow. Research Universities and the Future of America is an important resource for policy makers on the federal and state levels, university administrators, philanthropic organizations, faculty, technology transfer specialists, libraries, and researchers.

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250

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309256399

ISBN 13

9780309256391

Capitalizing on New Needs and New Opportunities

Government-Industry Partnerships in Biotechnology and Information Technologies

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Capitalizing on New Needs and New Opportunities

Government-Industry Partnerships in Biotechnology and Information Technologies

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

This report addresses a topic of recognized policy concern. To capture the benefits of substantial U.S. investments in biomedical R&D, parallel investments in a wide range of seemingly unrelated disciplines are also required. This report summarizes a major conference that reviewed our nation's R&D support for biotechnology and information technologies. The volume includes newly commissioned research and makes recommendations and findings concerning the important relationship between information technologies and biotechnology. It emphasizes the fall off in R&D investments needed to sustain the growth of the U.S. economy and to capitalize on the growing investment in biomedicine. It also encourages greater support for inter-disciplinary training to support new areas such as bioinformatics and urges more emphasis on and support for multi-disciplinary research centers.

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354

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309082579

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9780309082570

Innovation in Global Industries

U.S. Firms Competing in a New World (Collected Studies)

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on the Competitiveness and Workforce Needs of U.S. Industry

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Innovation in Global Industries

U.S. Firms Competing in a New World (Collected Studies)

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on the Competitiveness and Workforce Needs of U.S. Industry

The debate over offshoring of production, transfer of technological capabilities, and potential loss of U.S. competitiveness is a long-running one. Prevailing thinking is that "the world is flat"â€"that is, innovative capacity is spreading uniformly; as new centers of manufacturing emerge, research and development and new product development follow. Innovation in Global Industries challenges this thinking. The book, a collection of individually authored studies, examines in detail structural changes in the innovation process in 10 service as well as manufacturing industries: personal computers; semiconductors; flat-panel displays; software; lighting; biotechnology; pharmaceuticals; financial services; logistics; and venture capital. There is no doubt that overall there has been an acceleration in global sourcing of innovation and an emergence of new locations of research capacity and advanced technical skills, but the patterns are highly variable. Many industries and some firms in nearly all industries retain leading-edge capacity in the United States. However, the book concludes that is no reason for complacency about the future outlook. Innovation deserves more emphasis in firm performance measures and more sustained support in public policy. Innovation in Global Industries will be of special interest to business people and government policy makers as well as professors, students, and other researchers of economics, management, international affairs, and political science.

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387

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309116317

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9780309116312

Clustering for 21st Century Prosperity

Summary of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives

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Clustering for 21st Century Prosperity

Summary of a Symposium

Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop regional innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include larger resources commitments, often with a sectoral focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. Recent studies, however, have pointed out that many of these efforts lack the scale and the steady commitment needed for success. This has prompted new initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies to develop research parks, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurships and high-tech development in the nation's regions. Understanding the nature of innovation clusters and public policies associated with successful cluster development is therefore of current relevance. Clustering for 21st Century Prosperity identifies best practices with regard to goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. The committee, under the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) is reviewing selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and advanced energy in order to better understand program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As part of this study, the committee is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. Drawing from discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives.

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202

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309220009

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9780309220002

The Telecommunications Challenge

Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies: Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy,Committee on The Telecommunications Challenge: Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies

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The Telecommunications Challenge

Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies: Report of a Symposium

Starting in the mid 1990s, the United States economy experienced an unprecedented upsurge in economic productivity. Rapid technological change in communications, computing, and information management continue to promise further gains in productivity, a phenomenon often referred to as the New Economy. To better understand the sources of these gains and the policy measures needed to sustain these positive trends, the National Academies Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) convened a series of workshops and commissioned papers on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. This workshop, entitled "The Telecommunications Challenge: Changing Technologies and Evolving Policies," brought together leading industry representatives and government officials to discuss issues generated by the rapid technological change occurring in the telecommunications industry and the regulatory and policy challenges this creates. The workshop presented a variety of perspectives relating to developments in the telecommunications industry such as the potential of and impediments to broadband technology.

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218

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309100879

ISBN 13

9780309100878

Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Trends in Federal Spending on Scientific and Engineering Research

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Trends in Federal Support of Research and Graduate Education

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Trends in Federal Spending on Scientific and Engineering Research

The Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy updated its 1999 analysis (Appendix A, Securing America's Industrial Strength, 1999) of changes since 1990 in the distribution of federal research funding by field of science and engineering) by incorporating FY 1998 and FY 1999 obligations from the NSF Federal Funds survey, with particular attention to the trends in basic research support, changes in research fields' relative dependence on research-sponsoring agencies, and the relationship between changes in research support and changes in enrollment in graduate training in selected fields of research. The Board did not recommend funding levels for any discipline but addressed procedural aspects of R&D budgeting.

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113

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309170621

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9780309170628

The Advanced Technology Program

Assessing Outcomes

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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The Advanced Technology Program

Assessing Outcomes

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

This report examines the operations of the APT, reviews its extensive assessment program, and provides NRC Committee findings concerning the ATP's operations and recommendations for potential improvements to the program. The report includes a summary of a major conference held in April 2000 as well as seven papers, including surveys of the industry participants or users of the ATP program, a summary of the results of fifty awards, detailed assessments of major joint ventures, and a description of the current selection process. It is the most comprehensive study to date of the program's origins, operations, achievements, and assessment. Its conclusion: the program works.

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328

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030907410X

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9780309074100

Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on the Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence

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Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence

We live in a changing world with multiple and evolving threats to national security, including terrorism, asymmetrical warfare (conflicts between agents with different military powers or tactics), and social unrest. Visually depicting and assessing these threats using imagery and other geographically-referenced information is the mission of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA). As the nature of the threat evolves, so do the tools, knowledge, and skills needed to respond. The challenge for NGA is to maintain a workforce that can deal with evolving threats to national security, ongoing scientific and technological advances, and changing skills and expectations of workers. Future U.S. Workforce for Geospatial Intelligence assesses the supply of expertise in 10 geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) fields, including 5 traditional areas (geodesy and geophysics, photogrammetry, remote sensing, cartographic science, and geographic information systems and geospatial analysis) and 5 emerging areas that could improve geospatial intelligence (GEOINT fusion, crowdsourcing, human geography, visual analytics, and forecasting). The report also identifies gaps in expertise relative to NGA's needs and suggests ways to ensure an adequate supply of geospatial intelligence expertise over the next 20 years.

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185

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309268648

ISBN 13

9780309268646

SBIR and the Phase III Challenge of Commercialization

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

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SBIR and the Phase III Challenge of Commercialization

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

In response to a Congressional mandate, the National Research Council conducted a review of the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) at the five federal agencies with SBIR programs with budgets in excess of $100 million (DOD, NIH, NASA, DOE, and NSF). The project was designed to answer questions of program operation and effectiveness, including the quality of the research projects being conducted under the SBIR program, the commercialization of the research, and the program's contribution to accomplishing agency missions. This report summarizes the presentations at a symposium exploring the effectiveness of Phase III of the SBIR program (the commercialization phase), during which innovations funded by Phase II awards move from the laboratory into the marketplace. No SBIR funds support Phase III; instead, to commercialize their products, small businesses are expected to garner additional funds from private investors, the capital markets, or from the agency that made the initial award.

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200

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030910341X

ISBN 13

9780309103411

SBIR/STTR at the Department of Energy

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SBIR/STTR at the Department of Energy

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program is one of the largest examples of U.S. public-private partnerships, and was established in 1982 to encourage small businesses to develop new processes and products and to provide quality research in support of the U.S. government's many missions. The Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Program was created in 1992 by the Small Business Research and Development Enhancement Act to expand joint venture opportunities for small businesses and nonprofit research institutions by requiring small business recipients to collaborate formally with a research institution. The U.S. Congress tasked the National Research Council with undertaking a comprehensive study of how the SBIR and STTR programs have stimulated technological innovation and used small businesses to meet federal research and development needs, and with recommending further improvements to the programs. In the first round of this study, an ad hoc committee prepared a series of reports from 2004 to 2009 on the SBIR and STTR programs at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the programs' operations-including the Department of Energy (DoE). Building on the outcomes from the first round, this second round presents the committee's second review of the DoE SBIR program's operations. Public-private partnerships like SBIR and STTR are particularly important since today's knowledge economy is driven in large part by the nation's capacity to innovate. One of the defining features of the U.S. economy is a high level of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs in the United States see opportunities and are willing and able to assume risk to bring new welfare-enhancing, wealth-generating technologies to the market. Yet, although discoveries in areas such as genomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology present new opportunities, converting these discoveries into innovations for the market involves substantial challenges. The American capacity for innovation can be strengthened by addressing the challenges faced by entrepreneurs.

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435

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030943792X

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9780309437929

Assessing Research-Doctorate Programs

A Methodology Study

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee to Examine the Methodology for the Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs,James A. Voytuk,Charlotte V. Kuh,Jeremiah P. Ostriker

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Assessing Research-Doctorate Programs

A Methodology Study

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee to Examine the Methodology for the Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs,James A. Voytuk,Charlotte V. Kuh,Jeremiah P. Ostriker

How should we assess and present information about the quality of research-doctorate programs? In recommending that the 1995 NRC rankings in Assessing the Quality of Research-Doctorate Programs: Continuity and Change be updated as soon as possible, this study presents an improved approach to doctoral program assessment which will be useful to administrators, faculty, and others with an interest in improving the education of Ph.D.s in the United States. It reviews the methodology of the 1995 NRC rankings and recommends changes, including the collection of new data about Ph.D. students, additional data about faculty, and new techniques to present data on the qualitative assessment of doctoral program reputation. It also recommends revision of the taxonomy of fields from that used in the 1995 rankings.

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167

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

030909058X

ISBN 13

9780309090582

Productivity and Cyclicality in Semiconductors

Trends, Implications, and Questions: Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy

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Productivity and Cyclicality in Semiconductors

Trends, Implications, and Questions: Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy

Hosted by Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, this symposium brought together leading technologists and economists to review technical challenges facing the semiconductor industry, the industry's business cycle, the interconnections between the two, and the implications of growth in semiconductors for the economy as a whole. This volume includes a summary of the symposium proceedings and three major research papers. Topics reviewed encompass the industry technology roadmap, challenges to be overcome to maintain the trajectory of Moore's Law, the drivers of the continued growth in productivity in the U.S. economy, and economic models for gaining a better understanding of this leading U.S. industry.

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214

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309092744

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9780309092746

The Future of Photovoltaics Manufacturing in the United States

Summary of Two Symposia

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The Future of Photovoltaics Manufacturing in the United States

Summary of Two Symposia

Technological innovation and growth are critical to U.S. competitiveness in a global economy. One means of facilitating growth and improving competitiveness is to foster more robust innovation ecosystems through the development of public-private partnerships, industry consortia, and other regional and national economic development initiatives. Public-private partnerships, in particular, catalyze the commercialization of state and national investments in research and development. One of the major projects of the National Research Council's Board on Science Technology and Economic Policy (STEP) is to examine state and local investment programs designed to attract and grow knowledge-based industries. STEP analyzes state and regional innovation initiatives to gain a better understanding of the challenges associated with the transition of research into products, the practices associated with successful state and regional programs, and their interaction with federal programs and private initiatives. In April and July 2009, STEP convened two meeting to assess the future of the U.S. photovoltaic industry and the practical steps that the federal government and some state and regional governments are taking to develop the capacity to manufacture photovoltaics competitively. The Future of Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States captures the presentations and discussions of these meetings. This report explores the prospects for cooperative R&D efforts, standards, and roadmapping efforts that could accelerate innovation and growth of a U.S. photovoltaics industry. It includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to gain an improved understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments.

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290

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309142148

ISBN 13

9780309142144

Building the Illinois Innovation Economy

Summary of a Symposium

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Building the Illinois Innovation Economy

Summary of a Symposium

Responding to the challenges of fostering regional growth and employment in an increasingly competitive global economy, many U.S. states and regions have developed programs to attract and grow companies as well as attract the talent and resources necessary to develop innovation clusters. These state and regionally based initiatives have a broad range of goals and increasingly include significant resources, often with a sector focus and often in partnership with foundations and universities. These are being joined by recent initiatives to coordinate and concentrate investments from a variety of federal agencies that provide significant resources to develop regional centers of innovation, business incubators, and other strategies to encourage entrepreneurship and high-tech development. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy is a study of selected state and regional programs to identify best practices with regard to their goals, structures, instruments, modes of operation, synergies across private and public programs, funding mechanisms and levels, and evaluation efforts. This report reviews selected state and regional efforts to capitalize on federal and state investments in areas of critical national needs. This review includes both efforts to strengthen existing industries as well as specific new technology focus areas such as nanotechnology, stem cells, and energy in order to improve our understanding of program goals, challenges, and accomplishments. As a part of this review, The Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives is convening a series of public workshops and symposia involving responsible local, state, and federal officials and other stakeholders. These meetings and symposia will enable an exchange of views, information, experience, and analysis to identify best practice in the range of programs and incentives adopted. Building the Illinois Innovation Economy summarizes discussions at these symposia, fact-finding meetings, and commissioned analyses of existing state and regional programs and technology focus areas, the committee will subsequently produce a final report with findings and recommendations focused on lessons, issues, and opportunities for complementary U.S. policies created by these state and regional initiatives.

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225

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309278724

ISBN 13

9780309278720

SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

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SBIR Program Diversity and Assessment Challenges

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

In response to a Congressional mandate, the National Research Council conducted a review of the Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) at the five federal agencies with SBIR programs with budgets in excess of $100 million (DOD, NIH, NASA, DOE, and NSF). The project was designed to answer questions of program operation and effectiveness, including the quality of the research projects being conducted under the SBIR program, the commercialization of the research, and the program's contribution to accomplishing agency missions. The first in a series to be published in response to the Congressional request, this report summarizes the presentations at a symposium convened at the beginning of the project. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the SBIR program's operations at the five agencies responsible for 96 percent of the program's operations.

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198

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309091233

ISBN 13

9780309091237

Innovation Policies for the 21st Century

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century

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Innovation Policies for the 21st Century

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century

To mark the opening of a study of Comparative Innovation Policy: Best Practice for the 21st Century the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) convened a symposium providing an overview of areas to be examined in the study and topics requiring further policy attention. The event highlighted the policies and programs of leading nations and provided valuable insights into some of the common challenges of growing and supporting high-technology industry and the commercialization of public investments in R&D. This report contains a summary of the symposium proceedings and an introduction analyzing the issues and placing them in a broader policy context.

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222

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National Academies Press

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ISBN 10

0309179025

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9780309179027

Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Government-Industry Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

This report reviews a variety of partnership programs in the United States, and finds that partnerships constitute a vital positive element of public policy, helping to address major challenges and opportunities at the nexus of science, technology, and economic growth.

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174

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309085020

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9780309085021

Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

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Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy

Report of a Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy

Sustaining the New Economy will require public policies that remain relevant to the rapid technological changes that characterize it. While data and its timely analysis are key to effective policy-making, we do not yet have adequate statistical images capturing changes in productivity and growth brought about by the information technology revolution. This report on a STEP workshop highlights the need for more information and the challenges faced in measuring the New Economy and sustaining its growth.

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268

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309082986

ISBN 13

9780309082983

Studying Classroom Teaching as a Medium for Professional Development

Proceedings of a U.S.-Japan Workshop

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on International Scientific Organizations,U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Center for Education,Mathematical Sciences Education Board

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Studying Classroom Teaching as a Medium for Professional Development

Proceedings of a U.S.-Japan Workshop

The Mathematical Sciences Education Board (MSEB) and the U.S. National Commission on Mathematics Instruction (USNCMI) took advantage of a unique opportunity to bring educators together. In August 2000, following the Ninth International Congress on Mathematics Education (ICME-9) in Makuhari, Japan, MSEB and USNCMI capitalized on the presence of mathematics educators in attendance from the United States and Japan by holding a two and a half-day workshop on the professional development of mathematics teachers. This workshop used the expertise of the participants from the two countries to develop a better, more flexible, and more useful understanding of the knowledge that is needed to teach well and how to help teachers to obtain this knowledge. A major focus of the workshop was to discuss teachers' opportunities in both societies-using teaching practice as a medium for professional development. Another focus of the workshop addressed practice by considering the records of teaching, including videos of classroom lessons and cases describing teachers and their work. These proceedings reflect the activities and discussion of the workshop using both print and video to enable others to share in their experience

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273

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309082528

ISBN 13

9780309082525

New York's Nanotechnology Model

Building the Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium

By: Committee on Competing in the 21st Century: Best Practice in State and Regional Innovation Initiatives,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Policy and Global Affairs,National Research Council

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New York's Nanotechnology Model

Building the Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium

New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy is the summary of a 2013 symposium convened by the National Research Council Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy and members of the Nano Consortium that drew state officials and staff, business leaders, and leading national figures in early-stage finance, technology, engineering, education, and state and federal policies to review challenges, plans, and opportunities for innovation-led growth in New York. The symposium participants assessed New York's academic, industrial, and human resources, identified key policy issues, and engaged in a discussion of how the state might leverage regional development organizations, state initiatives, and national programs focused on manufacturing and innovation to support its economic development goals. This report highlights the accomplishments and growth of the innovation ecosystem in New York, while also identifying needs, challenges, and opportunities. New York's Nanotechnology Model reviews the development of the Albany nanotech cluster and its usefulness as a model for innovation-based growth, while also discussing the New York innovation ecosystem more broadly.

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170

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309293189

ISBN 13

9780309293181

Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program

By: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine,Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Change and Society,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Committee to Advise the U.S. Global Change Research Program

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Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program

The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is an interagency program, established by the Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990, mandated by Congress to "assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change". Since the USGCRP began, scientific understanding of global change has increased and the information needs of the nation have changed dramatically. A better understanding of what is changing and why can help decision makers in the public and private sectors cope with ongoing change. Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program highlights the growth of global change science in the quarter century that the USGCRP has been in existence, and documents some of its contributions to that growth through its primary functions of interagency planning and coordination, and of synthesis of research and practice to inform decision making.

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ISBN 10

0309455049

ISBN 13

9780309455046

Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy

Summary of a Symposium

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Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy

Summary of a Symposium

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204

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030922103X

ISBN 13

9780309221030

An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

Project Methodology

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

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An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

Project Methodology

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Committee on Capitalizing on Science, Technology, and Innovation: An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program

In response to a Congressional mandate, the National Research Council conducted a review of the SBIR program at the five federal agencies with SBIR programs with budgets in excess of $100 million (DOD, NIH, NASA, DOE, and NSF). The project was designed to answer questions of program operation and effectiveness, including the quality of the research projects being conducted under the SBIR program, the commercialization of the research, and the program's contribution to accomplishing agency missions. This report describes the proposed methodology for the project, identifying how the following tasks will be carried out: 1) collecting and analyzing agency databases and studies; 2) surveying firms and agencies; 3) conducting case studies organized around a common template; and 4) reviewing and analyzing survey and case study results and program accomplishments. Given the heterogeneity of goals and procedures across the five agencies involved, a broad spectrum of evaluative approaches is recommended.

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124

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309093228

ISBN 13

9780309093224

Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries

A Call to Action

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources

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Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries

A Call to Action

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Earth Sciences and Resources,Committee on Earth Resources

Energy and mineral resources are essential for the nation's fundamental functions, its economy, and security. Nonfuel minerals are essential for the existence and operations of products that are used by people every day and are provided by various sectors of the mining industry. Energy in the United States is provided from a variety of resources including fossil fuels, and renewable and nuclear energy, all with established commercial industry bases. The United States is the largest electric power producer in the world. The overall value added to the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2011 by major industries that consumed processed nonfuel mineral materials was $2.2 trillion. Recognizing the importance of understanding the state of the energy and mining workforce in the United States to assure a trained and skilled workforce of sufficient size for the future, the Department of Energy's (DOE's) National Energy technology Laboratory (NETL) contracted with the National Research Council (NRC) to perform a study of the emerging workforce trends in the U.S. energy and mining industries. Emerging Workforce Trends in the U.S. Energy and Mining Industries: A Call to Action summarizes the findings of this study.

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393

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309267471

ISBN 13

9780309267472

Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S Economy

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy,Committee on Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S Economy

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Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S Economy

Report of a Symposium

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Committee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy,Committee on Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S Economy

Starting in the mid 1990s, the United States economy experienced an unprecedented upsurge in economic productivity. Rapid technological change in communications, computing, and information management continue to promise further gains in productivity, a phenomenon often referred to as the New Economy. To better understand this phenomenon, the National Academies Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has convened a series of workshops and commissioned papers on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. This major workshop, entitled Software, Growth, and the Future of the U.S. Economy, convened academic experts and industry representatives from leading companies such as Google and General Motors to participate in a high-level discussion of the role of software and its importance to U.S. productivity growth; how software is made and why it is unique; the measurement of software in national and business accounts; the implications of the movement of the U.S. software industry offshore; and related policy issues.

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226

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309180201

ISBN 13

9780309180207

A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States (with CD)

By: Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce

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A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States (with CD)

By: Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Higher Education and Workforce

A Data-Based Assessment of Research-Doctorate Programs in the United States provides an unparalleled dataset that can be used to assess the quality and effectiveness of doctoral programs based on measures important to faculty, students, administrators, funders, and other stakeholders. The data, collected for the 2005-2006 academic year from more than 5,000 doctoral programs at 212 universities, covers 62 fields. Included for each program are such characteristics as faculty publications, grants, and awards; student GRE scores, financial support, and employment outcomes; and program size, time to degree, and faculty composition. Measures of faculty and student diversity are also included. The book features analysis of selected findings across six broad fields: agricultural sciences, biological and health sciences, engineering, physical and mathematical sciences, social and behavioral sciences, and humanities, as well as a discussion of trends in doctoral education since the last assessment in 1995, and suggested uses of the data . It also includes a detailed explanation of the methodology used to collect data and calculate ranges of illustrative rankings. Included with the book is a comprehensive CD-ROM with a data table in Microsoft Excel. In addition to data on the characteristics of individual programs, the data table contains illustrative ranges of rankings for each program, as well as ranges of rankings for three dimensions of program quality: (1) research activity, (2) student support and outcomes, and (3) diversity of the academic environment. As an aid to users, the data table is offered with demonstrations of some Microsoft Excel features that may enhance the usability of the spreadsheet, such as hiding and unhiding columns, copying and pasting columns to a new worksheet, and filtering and sorting data. Also provided with the data table are a set of scenarios that show how typical users may want to extract data from the spreadsheet. PhDs.org, an independent website not affiliated with the National Research Council, incorporated data from the research-doctorate assessment into its Graduate School Guide. Users of the Guide can choose the weights assigned to the program characteristics measured by the National Research Council and others, and rank graduate programs according to their own priorities.

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323

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309224799

ISBN 13

9780309224796

Deconstructing the Computer

Report of a Symposium

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Deconstructing the Computer

Report of a Symposium

Starting in the mid 1990s, the United States economy experienced an unprecedented upsurge in economic productivity. Rapid technological change in communications, computing, and information management continue to promise further gains in productivity, a phenomenon often referred to as the New Economy. To better understand this phenomenon, the National Academies Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) has convened a series of workshops and commissioned papers on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy. This major workshop, entitled Deconstructing the Computer, brought together leading industrialists and academic researchers to explore the contribution of the different components of computers to improved price-performance and quality of information systems. The objective was to help understand the sources of the remarkable growth of American productivity in the 1990s, the relative contributions of computers and their underlying components, and the evolution and future contributions of the technologies supporting this positive economic performance.

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Page Count

182

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National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030909254X

ISBN 13

9780309092548

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