Did Security Council resolutions authorise the use of force during the Second Gulf War? Did the UN intentionally use vague and indeterminate linguistic patterns as a set of discursive strategies with the overall legislative intent of using deliberate vagueness as a political strategy? Over the last few years, UN resolutions have been repeatedly questioned for the excessive presence of vagueness. In order to overcome the cultural divergences of recipient countries, UN diplomatic texts use vague words quite extensively, which could lead to biased or even strategically-motivated interpretations of resolutions, undermining their legal impact. This book proposes a linguistic analysis of whether the use of strategic vagueness in Security Council resolutions has contributed to the breakout of the Second Gulf War instead of a diplomatic solution to the controversy. The hypothesis is discussed through an analysis of the UN resolutions relating to the war, and reinforced through an analysis of US legislation related to the authorization for war, revealing how the US has interpreted UN legislation, in order to see how vague expressions used in UN resolutions have allowed the US to interpret them as a means to go to war. A second section of the work attempts to understand whether the same patterns have been used in resolutions relating to the Iranian nuclear crisis in 2010, revealing a relationship between the choice of vague linguistic features and the use of intentional vagueness as a political strategy.
Diachronic and Synchronic Aspects of Legal English is a brief guide to the past, present, and possible future of Legal English as a professional language. It is intended for a broad audience of readers interested in linguistics and in legal language as part of the spectrum of English for Special Purposes (ESP). The book uses simple words to explain the development and features of legal language to law students (especially L2 English speakers) and practicing lawyers, but also to non-academics interested in understanding the basis of the legal language that is part of our everyday lives. The book provides a brief introduction to the evolution of Legal English, from its origins to modern times, observing how it has changed lexically, structurally, and conceptually throughout the centuries, and a lexical and syntactic analysis of the contemporary legal register of the 21st century, in which Legal English has gone far beyond the borders of Great Britain. It also offers an introduction to the debate on the Plain English Movement’s suggestions for simplified legal language, and an example of textual analysis of an authentic legal document, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), in order to identify the stylistic markers of Legal English that help achieve the communicative aims of the text. Furthermore, a balance between time-honoured legal expressions and a simplification of legal language is proposed as a challenge for professional English, to guarantee citizens’ understanding of their rights and duties expressed through legislation.
Did Security Council resolutions authorise the use of force during the Second Gulf War? Did the UN intentionally use vague and indeterminate linguistic patterns as a set of discursive strategies with the overall legislative intent of using deliberate vagueness as a political strategy? Over the last few years, UN resolutions have been repeatedly questioned for the excessive presence of vagueness. In order to overcome the cultural divergences of recipient countries, UN diplomatic texts use vague words quite extensively, which could lead to biased or even strategically-motivated interpretations of resolutions, undermining their legal impact. This book proposes a linguistic analysis of whether the use of strategic vagueness in Security Council resolutions has contributed to the breakout of the Second Gulf War instead of a diplomatic solution to the controversy. The hypothesis is discussed through an analysis of the UN resolutions relating to the war, and reinforced through an analysis of US legislation related to the authorization for war, revealing how the US has interpreted UN legislation, in order to see how vague expressions used in UN resolutions have allowed the US to interpret them as a means to go to war. A second section of the work attempts to understand whether the same patterns have been used in resolutions relating to the Iranian nuclear crisis in 2010, revealing a relationship between the choice of vague linguistic features and the use of intentional vagueness as a political strategy.
Is Trump our contemporary Berlusconi? In 2015, Frank Bruni coined the term ‘Trumpusconi’ when the media noticed some similarities between the then US presidential candidate Donald Trump and Italy’s former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. At that time, while many Italians joked about Trump as a déjà-vu, scholars began to analyse these two political ‘outsiders’ in an attempt to imagine Trump’s probable presidency by studying Berlusconi’s career. Regardless of any political view, it is against this background that this work analyses these two political figures through discourse analysis, to understand whether their similarities go beyond their personality traits and lifestyles. The work is divided into two sections: the first part provides some information on Berlusconi and Trump’s socio-cultural origins and educational backgrounds, their first steps in their real-estate careers, their progression into the world of media and politics, and their relationships with women. The second part of the study proposes a discourse analysis performed on a corpus of speeches held by each politician at the beginning of their political career, in order to understand whether their personalities and lifestyles are reflected in their idiolects. The book partially confirms the media’s ideas about the ‘Trumpusconi’ phenomenon, acknowledging some similarities between the two moguls. However, it also shows that Berlusconi and Trump belong to two different eras: even if Berlusconi’s lifestyle, language, scandals, and politics will continue to negatively and positively influence Italy for many years to come, the era of social media is leading the world towards models that differ from those of his time. Western politics is becoming ever more similar to a form of infotainment, and Trump is the perfect incarnation of this evolution. Only time will reveal his long-term legacy.
This book brings in the focus on the borders between different contexts that need to be crossed, in the process of education. Despite the considerable efforts of various groups of researchers all over the World, it does not seem that traditional educational psychology has succeeded in illuminating the complex issues involved in the schoolfamily relationship. From a methodological perspective, there is no satisfactory explanation of the connection between representations and actual practice in educational contexts. Crossing Boundaries is an invitation to cultural psychology of educational processes to overcome the limits of existing educational psychology. Eemphasizing social locomotion and the dynamic processes, the book try to capture the ambiguous richness of the transit from one context to another, of the symbolic perspective that accompanies the dialogue between family and school, of practices regulating the interstitial space between these different social systems. How family and school fill, occupy, circulate, avoid or strategically use this space in between? What discourses and practices saturate this Border Zone and/or cross from one side to the other? Crossing Boundaries gathers contributions with the clear aim of documenting and analysing what happens at points of contact between family culture and scholastic/educational culture from the perspective of everyday life. This book is in itself an attempt to cross the border between the "theorizing on the borders" (and how “the outside world” and “the others” are perceived from a certain point of view) and “the practices" that characterize the school-home interaction.
Diachronic and Synchronic Aspects of Legal English is a brief guide to the past, present, and possible future of Legal English as a professional language. It is intended for a broad audience of readers interested in linguistics and in legal language as part of the spectrum of English for Special Purposes (ESP). The book uses simple words to explain the development and features of legal language to law students (especially L2 English speakers) and practicing lawyers, but also to non-academics interested in understanding the basis of the legal language that is part of our everyday lives. The book provides a brief introduction to the evolution of Legal English, from its origins to modern times, observing how it has changed lexically, structurally, and conceptually throughout the centuries, and a lexical and syntactic analysis of the contemporary legal register of the 21st century, in which Legal English has gone far beyond the borders of Great Britain. It also offers an introduction to the debate on the Plain English Movements suggestions for simplified legal language, and an example of textual analysis of an authentic legal document, the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), in order to identify the stylistic markers of Legal English that help achieve the communicative aims of the text. Furthermore, a balance between time-honoured legal expressions and a simplification of legal language is proposed as a challenge for professional English, to guarantee citizens understanding of their rights and duties expressed through legislation.
Is Trump our contemporary Berlusconi? In 2015, Frank Bruni coined the term ‘Trumpusconi’ when the media noticed some similarities between the then US presidential candidate Donald Trump and Italy’s former Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. At that time, while many Italians joked about Trump as a déjà-vu, scholars began to analyse these two political ‘outsiders’ in an attempt to imagine Trump’s probable presidency by studying Berlusconi’s career. Regardless of any political view, it is against this background that this work analyses these two political figures through discourse analysis, to understand whether their similarities go beyond their personality traits and lifestyles. The work is divided into two sections: the first part provides some information on Berlusconi and Trump’s socio-cultural origins and educational backgrounds, their first steps in their real-estate careers, their progression into the world of media and politics, and their relationships with women. The second part of the study proposes a discourse analysis performed on a corpus of speeches held by each politician at the beginning of their political career, in order to understand whether their personalities and lifestyles are reflected in their idiolects. The book partially confirms the media’s ideas about the ‘Trumpusconi’ phenomenon, acknowledging some similarities between the two moguls. However, it also shows that Berlusconi and Trump belong to two different eras: even if Berlusconi’s lifestyle, language, scandals, and politics will continue to negatively and positively influence Italy for many years to come, the era of social media is leading the world towards models that differ from those of his time. Western politics is becoming ever more similar to a form of infotainment, and Trump is the perfect incarnation of this evolution. Only time will reveal his long-term legacy.
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