Since the advent of the mantle plume hypothesis in 1971, scientists have been faced with the problem that its predictions are not confirmed by observation. For thirty years, the usual reaction has been to adapt the hypothesis in numerous ways. As a result, the multitude of current plume variants now amounts to an unfalsifiable hypothesis. In the early 21st century demand became relentless for a theory that can explain melting anomalies in a way that fits the observations naturally and is forward-predictive. From this the Plate hypothesis emerged–the exact inverse of the Plume hypothesis. The Plate hypothesis attributes melting anomalies to shallow effects directly related to plate tectonics. It rejects the hypothesis that surface volcanism is driven by convection in the deep mantle. Earth Science is currently in the midst of the kind of paradigm-challenging debate that occurs only rarely in any field. This volume comprises its first handbook. It reviews the Plate and Plume hypotheses, including a clear statement of the former. Thereafter it follows an observational approach, drawing widely from many volcanic regions in chapters on vertical motions of Earth's crust, magma volumes, time-progressions of volcanism, seismic imaging, mantle temperature and geochemistry. This text: Deals with a paradigm shift in Earth Science - some say the most important since plate tectonics Is analogous to Wegener's The Origin of Continents and Oceans Is written to be accessible to scientists and students from all specialities This book is indispensable to Earth scientists from all specialties who are interested in this new subject. It is suitable as a reference work for those teaching relevant classes, and an ideal text for advanced undergraduates and graduate students studying plate tectonics and related topics. Visit Gillian's own website at http://www.mantleplumes.org
Americans are increasingly using natural remedies to treat physical ailments, buying herbs like St. John's wort, echinacea, and ginkgo biloba in record quantities, and spending over $27 billion per year on alternative heath care. Now Modern Ailments, Ancient Remedies brings alternative medicine home. This easy-to-follow, beautifully illustrated A-to-Z healing manual is filled with descriptions, history, uses, and helpful hints about using over 30 popular herbs -- from alfalfa to yarrow -- to treat over 40 contemporary ailments, from allergies to varicose veins. Consumers everywhere will want to add this terrific book to their reference shelf.
When we think of Iris Murdoch’s relationship with art forms, the visual arts come most readily to mind. However, music and other sounds are equally important. Soundscapes – music and other types of sound – contribute to the richly textured atmosphere and moral tenor of Murdoch’s novels. This book will help readers to appreciate anew the sensuous nature of Iris Murdoch’s prose, and to listen for all kinds of music, sounds and silences in her novels, opening up a new sub-field in Murdoch studies in line with the emerging field of Word and Music Studies. This study is supported by close readings of selected novels exemplifying the subtle variety of ways she deploys music, sounds and silence in her fiction. It also covers Murdoch’s knowledge of music and her allusions to music throughout her work, and includes a survey of musical settings of her words by various composers.
The Getty Museum’s large and exceptional collection of oriental porcelain embellished with Parisian gilt bronze or silver is comprehensively illustrated in this revised catalogue. The European practice of mounting exotic objects such as oriental porcelain dates from the Middle Ages and found its height of expression during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when Chinese and Japanese porcelains reached the West in considerable quantities. To meet the growing taste for such objects in fashionable Parisian society, marchands-merciers—guild members who combined the functions of the modern interior decorator, antique dealer, and picture dealer—devised ingenious settings in silver and gilt bronze for oriental porcelains, adapting their exotic character to the French interiors of the period. With the publication of this catalogue, the beauty and rarity with which buyers of these pieces were so enamored is vividly brought to life.
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