Our objective was to better understand the impact of oral physiological characteristics on some bolus properties, i.e. viscosity, incorporated saliva rate, tongue coating, and the release of flavor from fat spreads. To complete this approach, interindividual variability related to oral physiological characteristics, i.e. salivary flow (at rest and stimulated), and composition as well as oral characteristics have been considered. The results showed that the impact of oral characteristics is more important for bolus formation than aroma release. Alone, oral and salivary physiology do not explain the release of flavor of aroma from fat spreads.
This chapter proposed an integrated approach to better understand the role of cheese composition, physiological parameters, and individual chewing behavior on aroma release and perception. Product effect (six cheeses) was more important than subject effect (14 healthy consumers). Differences were observed according to the hydrophobic properties of aroma compounds. More ethyl propanoate and less nonan-2-one (more hydrophobic compound) were released from cheeses with higher fat levels, and more of these two aroma compounds were released from firmer cheeses compared to softer cheeses. For nonan-2-one, the amount of aroma released could not explain the perception due to fat-aroma sensory interactions.
1. MOTIVATION In many physical situations, a plant model is often provided with a qualitative or quantitative measure of associated model uncertainties. On the one hand, the validity of the model is guaranteed only inside a frequency band, so that nearly nothing can be said about the behavior of the real plant at high frequencies. On the other hand, if the model is derived on the basis of physical equations, it can be parameterized as a function of a few physical parameters, which are usually not perfectly known in practice. This is e.g. the case in aeronautical systems: as an example, the ae- dynamic model of an airplane is derived from the flight mechanics eq- tions. When synthesizing the aircraft control law, it is then necessary to take into account uncertainties in the values of the stability derivatives, which correspond to the physical coefficients of the aerodynamic model. Moreover, this airplane model does not perfectly represent the be- vior of the real aircraft. As a simple example, the flight control system or the autopilot are usually synthesized just using the aerodynamic model, thus without accounting for the flexible mechanicalstructure: the c- responding dynamics are indeed considered as high frequency neglected 1 dynamics, with respect to the dynamics of the rigid model .
This book features an extraordinary album of ornament designs by the French architect Gilles-Marie Oppenord (1672-1742). For the first time, this publication reproduces in their initial state the embellishments Oppenord drew over the first French edition of Cesare Ripa's Iconologia. In lieu of a haphazard succession of sketches, it reveals Oppenord's fascinating interplay between text, engraved and drawn images, one patterned on the art of conversation and the linguistic games cultivated in elite Parisian circles.
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