PRINTED FLEXIBLE CIRCUIT Introduction to WaterRepellent Polymer Substrate Electronic industries are continually striving towards the use of flexibility and stretchability substrates like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with good water repellent characteristics or also known as hydrophobicity to improve the functionality of printed circuit for electronic packaging. This book focuses on the hydrophobicity performance of flexible substrate PET and TPU with the presence and absence of ceramic coating (Ti02). A low-cost self-fabricated contact angle measurement tool is also invented to fulfill the hydrophobicity analysis by using the Process Design and Development (PDD) concept involving the Pugh Method followed by a One-Sample T-Test to verify the accuracy measurement of the selected design. The knowledge gained would be beneficial to extend the use of flexible substrate PET and TPU and Ti02 coating in electronic applications
This book is an ethnolinguistic study of Malay settlers in Mecca, Madinah and Jeddah, based on a research undertaken by the authors in 2014. Narration from the people themselves of their background history and community life had resulted in a wealth of data depicting a historical landscape of maintenance and shift of language use and lifestyle of three generations of informants. Where there used to be a strong inclination to adopt and adapt to the Arab lifestyle inclusive of language use, there now appears to be a revitalisation among the younger generation in the use of Malay in preparation for their return to the Malay world, a situation motivated by a more stringent policy of the Saudi government in offering foreign settlers citizenship and permanent residence.
How did the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) converse and engage with other religious believers? Did he start off with prejudice and mistrust? Or was he convivial and open-minded? This book analyses six models of the dealings in the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), specifically, but not restricted, to the siblings of Abrahamic religious believers. The six models of dialogue analysed in the book are dialogue with Ashamah, Najashi of Abyssinia, delegation of Najran Christians, different Jews of Yathrib, and emperors of Byzantine and Sassanid. The analysis applies Ibn Khaldun’s (d.1406) historical approach which the author termed as Khaldunian Hermeneutics due to the similarity between his ideas to that of Johann Gustav Droysen (d. 1884), a German philosopher, in historical hermeneutics. As such, the analysis goes beyond the dialogue content, taking into consideration the immediate and larger contextual settings, and changes of the contexts due to the passage of time. It critically considers the suitability of each model due to the difference in times and contexts. The book serves as a reference for Muslim dialogue advocates and practitioners, to provide substantial evidence of the dialogue application by the role model of Muslims – the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) whom they hold very dear to their hearts.
This book explores methods for leveraging data to create innovative solutions that offer significant and meaningful value. It provides practical insights into the concepts and techniques essential for maximizing the outcomes of large-scale research and data mining projects. Readers are guided through analytical thinking processes, addressing challenges in deciphering complex data systems and deriving commercial value from the data. Soft computing and data mining, also known as data-driven science, encompass a diverse range of interdisciplinary scientific methods and processes. The proceedings of "Recent Advances on Soft Computing and Data Mining" provide comprehensive knowledge to address various challenges encountered in complex systems. By integrating practices and applications from both domains, it offers a robust framework for tackling these issues. To excel in data-driven ecosystems, researchers, data analysts, and practitioners must carefully select the most suitable approaches and tools. Understanding the design choices and options available is essential for appreciating the underlying concepts, tools, and techniques utilized in these endeavors.
This book discusses global ecotourism and its impact on local communities in rural areas. In recent years, an increasing number of international travelers travel all over the world in search for natural resource-based settings, tranquility and adventure in remote areas. Tourist expenditures create local demands for traded goods and services, thus creating jobs and generating income for local people. This book explores the impact of global ecotourism on the livelihoods of local people in Kinabalu National Park in Sabah, Malaysia, and the extent to which they incorporate daily economic activities in ecotourism industry. This book also suggests a model of rural production (household livelihood strategies) in an ecotourism area which highlights the increase in non-agricultural income from both wage-work and home-based production. The new forms of employment have benefited local women who now have easy access to income. The consequences of world incidents such as the attack on World Trade Center on September 11, 2001; Bali bombing and the outbreak of SARS disease on the arrival of tourists and the livelihood of local people here are also discussed.
Dear Beloved Son is an excellent compilation of extremely valuable pieces of advice based not only on theory but on the practical experience and insight of Imam al-Ghazali. Since he presented his disciple with these pieces of advice at a stage in life where he had studied and excelled in all major sciences of Islam, it holds extra significance. He covers topics such as sincerity, knowledge, action, death, da’wah, hypocrisy, time, dhikr and Shari’ah, with delicacy and coherency, so that one is able to grasp clearly the multidimensional facets of a comprehensive Islam.
Al-Ghazali on Proper Conduct for the Recitation of the Qur'an is the eighth chapter of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's magnum opus, the Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya' 'ulum al-din), a monumental work of classical Islam written by the renowned theologian-mystic Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111). This chapter of the Revival deals with the fundamental importance of the Qur'an and its role in an individual's salvation. After establishing the pre-eminence of the Qur'an and of those who are devoted to its recitation, Ghazali outlines the outer proper conduct for its recitation: the condition of the reciter, the quantity of recitation, properly apportioning the Qur'an, method of writing, measured recitation, crying, taking into account the rights of verses, what to say at the beginning of one's recitation, reciting aloud and beautifying one's recitation, and embellishing it by modulating one's voice. Ghazali then proceeds to identify the inner actions while reciting the Qur'an: understanding the grandeur and stature of the Speech, reverence for the Speaker, presence of mind and not letting one's mind wander, reflection, deeper understanding, ridding oneself of obstacles to understanding, specification, being affected, ascension and divestment. In the fourth and final chapter, Ghazali deals with an issue which continues to be a source of contention today: the problem of the permissibility of generating new interpretations of the Qur'an. Ghazali convincingly argues that a proper engagement with the Qur'an is not restricted by the boundaries of earlier interpretations. This volume also includes a translation of Imam Ghazali's own Introduction to the Revival of the Religious Sciences which gives the reasons that caused him to write the work, the structure of the whole of the Revival and which places each of the chapters in the context of the others.
Centuries after his death, al-Ghazali remains one of the most influential figures of the Islamic intellectual tradition. Although he is best known for his Incoherence of the Philosophers, Moderation in Belief is his most profound work of philosophical theology. In it, he offers what scholars consider to be the best defense of the Ash'arite school of Islamic theology that gained acceptance within orthodox Sunni theology in the twelfth century, though he also diverges from Ash'arism with his more rationalist approach to the Quran. Together with The Incoherence of the Philosophers, Moderation in Belief informs many subsequent theological debates, and its influence extends beyond the Islamic tradition, informing broader questions within Western philosophical and theological thought. The first complete English-language edition of Moderation in Belief, this new annotated translation by Aladdin M. Yaqub draws on the most esteemed critical editions of the Arabic texts and offers detailed commentary that analyzes and reconstructs the arguments found in the work’s four treatises. Explanations of the historical and intellectual background of the texts also enable readers with a limited knowledge of classical Arabic to fully explore al-Ghazali and this foundational text for the first time. With the recent resurgence of interest in Islamic philosophy and the conflict between philosophy and religion, this new translation will be a welcome addition to the scholarship.
This book is an ethnolinguistic study of Malay settlers in Mecca, Madinah and Jeddah, based on a research undertaken by the authors in 2014. Narration from the people themselves of their background history and community life had resulted in a wealth of data depicting a historical landscape of maintenance and shift of language use and lifestyle of three generations of informants. Where there used to be a strong inclination to adopt and adapt to the Arab lifestyle inclusive of language use, there now appears to be a revitalisation among the younger generation in the use of Malay in preparation for their return to the Malay world, a situation motivated by a more stringent policy of the Saudi government in offering foreign settlers citizenship and permanent residence.
Al-Ghazali was one of the great Muslim theologians. In this book the author provides a translation of some of his works, including his spiritual autobiography. Al-Ghazali's description of his own emergence from scepticism anticipates the philosophical method of systematic doubt employed by Descartes. Another work translated here sets out Al-Ghazali's ideal of how a religious person should order his life from hour to hour and day to day.
The Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration is the first translation into a European language of chapter twenty-nine of The Revival of the Religious Sciences, a monumental work of classical Islam written by the greatest theologian-mystic of Islam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Perhaps the most important chapter in the whole of the Revival, The Condemnation of Pride and Self-Admiration delves into the fundamental spiritual ailments and major impediments of the soul, namely pride and self-admiration. Ghazali offers readers an in-depth analysis of how and why pride and self-admiration are so harmful to a person's soul, and oulines methods of recognizing and subsequently healing these diseases of the heart. The key ingredient in this cure, Ghazali explains, is the cultivation of humility, which results from an increasing awareness of one's lowliness and essential nothingness before God. An indepth and very lucid analysis of the major vices and virtues central to all religions.
Originally written as a manual of spiritual instruction, these writings examine Sufi and mystical influences within the Muslim tradition. A crucial work of medieval Islamic thought, this portion of Revival of the Religious Sciences provides insight into the intellectual and religious history of the Muslim world. The virtues of patience and thankfulness are defined and their place in the Islamic worldview is elucidated, with particular attention paid to their attainment and the influences that divert people from these virtues. Al-Ghazali on Patience and Thankfulness is a translation of the thirty-second chapter of The Revival of the Religions Sciences (Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din). This chapter fills in the last of the four sections of the Ihya', the section dealing with the virtues or what is conducive to salvation. Ghazali here presents definitions for patience and its different forms; the need for patience; the degrees of patience; and why patience is considered to be half of faith. The second part of this chapter deals with thankfulness and again Ghazali gives us definitions for thankfulness, its nature and its blessings. In addition to the translation, Dr Henry Littlejohn provides an extensive introduction which illustrates the importance of the topics of patience and thankfulness in Islam throughout the centuries.
Responses Proper to Listening to Music and the Experience of Ecstasy is the eighteen chapter of the Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya' 'ulum al-din), a monumental work of classical Islam written by the renowned theologian-mystic Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (d. 1111). This chapter of the Revival deals with the controversial topic of music. In the Islamic legal tradition, there is disagreement as to whether or not performing and listening to music is lawful, even more, whether music might be used as a path to ecstasy. Basing himself on the Qur'an, hadith, the first generations of Muslims and the mystical tradition, Ghazali presents the arguments both for and against listening to music. Ghazali's own position is that music in itself is permissible, though under certain circumstances it can be unlawful or undesirable. Ghazali emphasises awareness of the omnipresence of God in creation and the importance of using the mind, hearing and sight to bring one closer to God. In Responses Proper to Listening to Music and the Experience of Ecstasy he gives lyrical expression to his love of poetry and music, and their legitimate place not only in human celebrations, but in divine worship and as aids on the path to gnosis and ecstasy. All such responses he sees exemplified in the life of the Prophet with his family. This volume also includes a translation of Imam Ghazali's own Introduction to the Revival of the Religious Sciences, which gives the reasons that caused him to write the work, the structure of the whole of the Revival and which places each of the chapters in the context of the others.
Al-Ghazali on Poverty and Abstinence is the thirty-fourth chapter of the Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din), which is widely regarded as the greatest work of Muslim spirituality. In Al-Ghazali on Poverty and Abstinence, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali considers two themes dear to Islamic devotional literature: poverty and abstinence. Taking as his example the Prophet's love for the poor, Ghazali explains that poverty is not simply an accidental state of destitution that might befall anyone but rather an inner acceptance of the Will of God and a form of abstinence for His sake. Thus the life of poverty described by Ghazali in Al-Ghazali on Poverty and Abstinence refers to what every devoted follower of the Prophet is meant to adopt whatever his or her outer state may be. In this new edition, the Islamic Texts Society has included the translation of Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's own Introduction to the Revival of the Religious Sciences which gives the reasons that caused him to write the work, the structure of the whole of the Revival and places each of the chapters in the context of the others.
Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, in his Book of Counsels, compiles powerful spiritual lessons and reminders, weaving hadith into direct speech and presenting it to the reader. This is a book that is intended to stir the heart to submission and mindfulness of Allah. This translation has sought to retain the literary aspects of this collection while also applying an attentive engagement with the hadith employed within.
Advice and Admonitions is a translation of various statements of wisdom by Imam al-Ghazali. It contains three sections: 1. Statements from sources such as The Revival Of The Religious Sciences, The Beginning of Guidance and other books. 2. A translation of the treatise O Beloved Child! which contains advice that every Muslim needs. 3. Uncovering the Deception Of The Entire Creation which discloses a bad trait that has become so widespread it has affected most people. Imam al-Ghazali was one of the most influential and active scholars of his era. His words of wisdom and attitude towards the world are truly captivating and inspiring. In this book you will find some of the insights of how Imam al-Ghazali practiced and understood Islam as described under various topics. Taking lessons from the words of pious scholars who acted upon their knowledge is one of the best methods for a Muslim who is striving for self-improvement. Our Du'a is that Allah, the one who turns hearts, changes our hearts towards being conscious of Him in all aspects of daily life after reading this book. I ask Allah to make this simple endeavour a source of pleasure for us all and a source of success in the Hereafter. Amin.
Abu Hamed Mohammad ibn Mohammad Al-Ghazzali (1058-1111), known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by Allah. He received many titles such as Sharaful A'emma, Zainuddin and Hujjatul Islam, meaning "Proof of Islam". The autobiography Ghazali wrote towards the end of his life, The Confessions of Al-Ghazali: Rescuer from Error is considered a work of great importance. Another of Ghazali's major works is Ihya al-Ulum al-Din or Ihya'ul Ulumuddin (The Revival of Religious Sciences). It covers almost all fields of Islamic sciences: fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), kalam (theology) and sufism.
The spiritual life in Islam begins with riyadat al-nafs, the inner warfare against the ego. Distracted and polluted by worldliness, the lower self has a tendency to drag the human creature down into arrogance and vice. This translation of two chapters from The Revival of the Religious Sciences (Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din) details the sophisticated spiritual techniques adopted by classical Islam.
The 37th chapter of the Revival of Religious Sciences, this treatise focuses on the subject of intention--which is of crucial importance in ethics--posing questions such as How can someone ignorant of the meaning of intention verify his own intention? How can someone ignorant of the meaning of sincerity verify his own sincerity? And how can someone sincerely claim truthfulness if he has not verified its meaning?
KNOWLEDGE of self is the key to the knowledge of God, according to the saying: "He who knows himself knows God," and, as it is Written in the Koran, "We will show them Our signs in the world andin themselves, that the truth may be manifest to them." Now nothing is nearer to thee than thyself, and if thou knowest not thyself how canst thou know anything else? If thou sayest "I know myself," meaning thy outward shape, body, face, limbs, and so forth, such knowledge can never be a key to the knowledge of God. Nor, if thy knowledge as to that which is within only extends so far, that when thou art hungry thou eatest, and when thou art angry thou attackest some one, wilt thou progress any further in this path, for the beasts are thy partners in this? But real self-knowledge consists in knowing the following things: What art thou in thyself, [1. Traditional saying of Muhammad.] and from whence hast thou come? Whither art thou going, and for what purpose hast thou come to tarry here awhile, and in what does thy real happiness and misery consist? Some of thy attributes are those of animals, some of devils, and some of angels, and thou hast to find out which of these attributes are accidental and which essential. Till thou knowest this, thou canst not find out where thy real happiness lies. The occupation of animals is eating, sleeping, and fighting; therefore, if thou art an animal, busy thyself in these things. Devils are busy in stirring up mischief, and in guile and deceit; if thou belongest to them, do their work. Angels contemplate the beauty of God, and are entirely free from animal qualities; if thou art of angelic nature, then strive towards thine origin, that thou mayest know and contemplate the Most High, and be delivered from the thraldom of lust and anger. Thou shouldest also discover why thou hast been created with these two animal instincts: whether that they should subdue and lead thee captive, or whether that thou shouldest subdue them, and, in thy upward progress, make of one thy steed and of the other thy weapon. The first step to self-knowledge is to know that thou art composed of an outward shape, called the body, and an inward entity called the heart, or soul. By "heart" I do not mean the piece of flesh situated in the left of our bodies, but that which uses all the other faculties as its instruments and servants. In truth it does not belong to the visible world, but to the invisible, and has come into this world as a traveller visits a foreign country for the sake of merchandise, and will presently return to its native land. It is the knowledge of this entity and its attributes which is the key to the knowledge of God.
Al-Ghazali on the Manners Relating to Eating is the eleventh chapter of The Revival of the Religious Sciences which is widely regarded as the greatest work of Muslim spirituality. This volume begins the section dealing with man and society, and the norms of daily life. While concentrating on a daily activity, eating, al-Ghazali presents the importance of aligning every aspect of one's life with religion and spirituality. Referring extensively to the example of the Prophet and to that of the early Sufis, al-Ghazali illustrates how the simple activity of eating can encourage numerous virtues which are themselves necessary for the remainder of the spiritual life. The sections of Al-Ghazali on the Manners Relating to Eating are divided into what a person must uphold when eating alone, how a person must conduct himself when eating in company and the manners of hospitality. Through these sections, al-Ghazali also discusses lawful and unlawful foods and practices, cleanliness, fasting, general health issues, and the blessings of contentment with little and generosity.
Al-Mustasfa min 'ilm al-usul. (On Legal theory of Muslim Jurisprudence) is Imam Ghazali's work on the subject of Usul Al Fiqh. It is considered as one of the four great works in the subject. The other three being, 1. The mu`tazalite `Abd al-Jabar (d. 415) al-Qadi's al-`umad; 2. abu al-Husain (d. 473) al-Basri's al-mu`tamad(commentary on al-`umad); 3. al-Imam al-Harmian abu al-Ma`ali (d. 478) Juywani's al-Burhan Ghazali's approach to usul al-fiqh, as articulated in this last and greatest work of Law, al-Mustafa, is based on the premise that, in essence, this science is knowledge of how to extract ahkam (rules) from the Shari'ah sources. (As for the science of fiqh, it concerns itself particularly with the Shari'ah rules themselves which have been established in order to qualify the acts of the locus of obligation, man.) Accordingly, Ghazali views it as imperative that any discourse on usul focus on three essential elements: the ahkam; the adilla (sources); and the means by which rules are extracted from these sources, which ultimately includes examination of the qualifications of the extractor, namely, the mujtahid.
I seek Allahs refuge from the knowledge which is of no benefit". This disciple of Imam Ghazali (RA) kept thinking along these lines for a few days and then wrote a letter to Imam Ghazali (RA) with the view of getting an answer to his dilemma along with some other questions. Furthermore, he asked in his letter to Imam Ghazali (RA) for some advice and to teach him a supplication that he could always recite. He wrote in his letter that although Imam Ghazali (RA) has written numerous books on this issue, this weak individual is in need of something that he could always study and always act upon its injunctions. In reply to his letter, Imam Ghazali (RA) sent him the following advices.
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