The American Jewish community is in transition. This book describes in detail how American Jews changed from living in a religion-oriented community to living a secular life. Falk discusses how Jewish Americans were greatly influenced by the secularization of Western civilization in general and by the Christian community in Europe and America specifically. The secularization of American Jewish institutions is analyzed by discussing changes in the Jewish religion, Jewish education and Jewish organizations during this century. Special consideration is given to the issue of Jewish survival in America with specific emphasis on the Jewish-Christian intermarriage rate. Contents: Part One: The Present Condition of Judaism in America; The American Jewish at the End of the 20th Century; Part Two: The Development of Secularization in the Western World; The Influence of Jewish Philosophers on the Secularization of Judaism; The Influence of Christians and Other Philosophers on the Secularization of the Western World; The Secularization of the U.S. before 1900; The Influence of Scientific Thinking on the Secularization Process; The Influence of Some European and American Writers on the Secularization Process; The Secularization of the United States in the 20th Century; Part Three: American Jewish Institutions at the End of the Century; The Secularization of the Jewish Religion in America; The Secularization of the American Jewish Family; The Secularization of American Jewish Education; Organized American Jewishness at the End of the 20th Century; Part Four: Jewish Continuity in a Secular Society; The Secular Life in America; Jewish Survival in America.
This proven and internationally recognized text teaches the methods of engineering design as a condition of successful product development. It breaks down the design process into phases and then into distinct steps, each with its own working methods. The book provides more examples of product development; it also tightens the scientific bases of its design ideas with new solution fields in composite components, building methods, mechatronics and adaptronics. The economics of design and development are covered and electronic design process technology integrated into its methods. The book is sharply written and well-illustrated.
What Theodor W. Adorno says cannot be separated from how he says it. By the same token, what he thinks cannot be isolated from how he thinks it. The central aim of Richter’s book is to examine how these basic yet far-reaching assumptions teach us to think with Adorno—both alongside him and in relation to his diverse contexts and constellations. These contexts and constellations range from aesthetic theory to political critique, from the problem of judgment to the difficulty of inheriting a tradition, from the primacy of the object to the question of how to lead a right life within a wrong one. Richter vividly shows how Adorno’s highly suggestive—yet often overlooked—concept of the “uncoercive gaze” designates a specific kind of comportment in relation to an object of critical analysis: It moves close to the object and tarries with it while struggling to decipher the singularities and non-identities that are lodged within it, whether the object is an idea, a thought, a concept, a text, a work of art, an experience, or a problem of political or sociological theory. Thinking with Adorno’s uncoercive gaze not only means following the fascinating paths of his own work; it also means extending hospitality to the ghostly voices of others. As this book shows, Adorno is best understood as a thinker in dialogue, whether with long-deceased predecessors in the German tradition such as Kant and Hegel, with writers such as Kafka, with contemporaries such as Benjamin and Arendt, or with philosophical voices that succeeded him, such as those of Derrida and Agamben.
Figure 1.1. An outdoor scene "A bus is passing three cars which are parking between trees at the side of the road. Houses having two storeys are lined up at the street. 3 4 Introduction Figure 1.2. An assembly scene There seems to be a small open place between the group of houses in the foreground and the store in the background". In such or a similar way the content of the natural scene shown above can be described. It is quite easy to give such a short description. The problem is somewhat more complex for the second image. First of all, it can be stated that the image does not show an everyday scene. It appears as a kind of man made surrounding. But everyone can accept the following statements about this image: 1. The image shows a snapshot of an assembly line. 2. The robot in front is screwing. 3. There is no person in the working area of the robots. 4. All objects on the conveyor belt are worked on by robots. There are no free objects on the belt.
This “well-researched, clear [and] convincing” historical study examines the ideology and politics of Germanization during the WWII occupation of Poland (Nicholas Stargardt, author of The German War). Following the brutal invasion and occupation of Poland, the Nazis moved swiftly to realize one of their key ideological aims: the expansion of German living space. This involved deporting Jews, bringing in German settlers, and establishing an evaluation process that separated Poles from ethnic Germans. As simple as this might have seemed initially, the various parts of the German occupation machinery were soon embroiled in a bitter fight about the essence of Germanness and how to identify a German. In this illuminating study, Gerhard Wolf reveals an astonishing development in which a more inclusive understanding of Germanness based on the notion of Volk won out against an exclusive definition based on Rasse. As Wolf demonstrates, this decision paved the way for turning three million Poles into German citizens. Parallel to the mass deportation and murder of Christian Poles and the genocide of Jewish Poles, the Nazis paradoxically also presided over the largest (forced) assimilation program in German history. Students and scholars of the Second World War, the Holocaust, and Nazism will find new analysis of German imperialism, ethnic cleansing, and genocide in this important book.
The sciences philosophy, psychology and neuroscience share the basis that all refer to the human being. Therefore, an interdisciplinary collaboration would be desirable. The exchange of criticism is an essential requirement for interdisciplinary collaboration. Criticism must be heard and – if possible – considered. Indeed, criticism can be valid or unwarranted. However, whether criticism is unwarranted can only emerge from discussion and conversation. In the discussion of cognitive neuroscience, some criticism can easily be considered (such as the mereological fallacy that represents that talking about the person is substituted with talking bout the brain). Another issue for an interdisciplinary discussion of cognitive neuroscience is the interpretation of the readiness potential including re-considering Benjamin Libet’s classic experiments. Additionally, a critical discussion on cognitive neuroscience must address ethical questions, such as the possibility of the abuse of neuroscientific insight.
The first comprehensive guide to the aquatic plants of the region Beneath the surface of bodies of freshwater—springs, streams, rivers, ponds and lakes—there is a world of plants of great variety and beauty, a realm that is often poorly known and understood. Correctly identified, these plants can tell us much about the character and condition of the habitats in which they live. A collaboration of Danish, German, and British field botanists specializing in freshwater plants, this guide presents all of the known aquatic plants of Northern and Central Europe, including Britain and Ireland, as well as many marginal and wetland species. This is the first comprehensive guide to the identification of the region’s 410 species and hybrids of both native and non-native ferns and flowering plants that are dependent upon freshwater wetlands. Following the latest taxonomy, the book features 358 plates in pen and ink, more than 1,400 colour photographs, illustrated keys, distribution maps and detailed descriptions. The introduction gives an overview of evolution, anatomy and morphology, ecology, eco-physiology, research traditions and more, and the book also includes guidelines for working with aquatic plants. The first comprehensive guide to the region’s aquatic plants Covers all 410 known species Features 358 illustrated plates, more than 1,400 colour photographs, distribution maps, detailed descriptions and much more
In the world of e-business, competition takes on a new intensity. The dynamics of the online marketplace often require organizations to pursue multiple and complex strategies. The book explores the international operations concepts employed by leading organizations to secure competitive advantage.
The first full-scale analysis of the history of German reunification, with a particular emphasis on social policy, showing how the transfer of the West German social policy framework to the East intensified the crisis of the German welfare state.
The youth culture has taken over in the Western world, and the United States is its champion. Has this cultural emphasis widened the generation gap, or is it just a natural by-product of the generational differences that exist in all societies? Is the gen
Judy Chicago's monumental art installation The Dinner Party was an immediate sensation when it debuted in 1979, and today it is considered the most popular work of art to emerge from the second-wave feminist movement. Jane F. Gerhard examines the piece's popularity to understand how ideas about feminism migrated from activist and intellectual circles into the American mainstream in the last three decades of the twentieth century. More than most social movements, feminism was transmitted and understood through culture--art installations, Ms. Magazine, All in the Family, and thousands of other cultural artifacts. But the phenomenon of cultural feminism came under extraordinary criticism in the late 1970s and 1980s Gerhard analyzes these divisions over whether cultural feminism was sufficiently activist in light of the shifting line separating liberalism from radicalism in post-1970s America. She concludes with a chapter on the 1990s, when The Dinner Party emerged as a target in political struggles over public funding for the arts, even as academic feminists denounced the piece for its alleged essentialism. The path that The Dinner Party traveled--from inception (1973) to completion (1979) to tour (1979-1989) to the permanent collection of the Brooklyn Museum (2007)--sheds light on the history of American feminism since 1970 and on the ways popular feminism in particular can illuminate important trends and transformations in the broader culture.
Extensions to the No-Core Shell Model presents three extensions to the No-Core Shell Model (NCSM) that allow for calculations of heavier nuclei, specifically for the p-shell nuclei. The Importance-Truncated NCSM (IT-NCSM) formulated on arguments of multi-configurational perturbation theory selects a small set of basis states from the initially large basis space in which the Hamiltonian is diagonalized. Previous IT-NCSM calculations have proven reliable, however, there has been no thorough investigation of the inherent error in the truncated IT-NCSM calculations. This thesis provides a detailed study of IT-NCSM calculations and compares them to full NCSM calculations to judge the accuracy of IT-NCSM in heavier nuclei. When IT-NCSM calculations are performed, one often needs to extrapolate the ground-state energy from the finite basis (or model) spaces to the full NCSM model space. In this thesis a careful investigation of the extrapolation procedures was performed. On a related note, extrapolations in the NCSM are commonplace, but up to recently did not have the ultraviolet (UV) or infrared (IR) physics under control. This work additionally presents a method that maps the NCSM parameters into an effective-field theory inspired framework, in which the UV and IR physics are treated appropriately. The NCSM is well-suited to describe bound-state properties of nuclei, but is not well-adapted to describe loosely bound systems, such as the exotic nuclei near the neutron drip line. With the inclusion of the Resonating Group Method (RGM), the NCSM / RGM can provide a first-principles description of exotic nuclei and the first extension of the NCSM.
This systemic study discusses in its historical, cultural and aesthetic context the postmodern American novel between the years of 1960 and 1980. A general overview of the various definitions of postmodernism in philosophy, cultural theory and aesthetics provides the framework for the inquiry into more specific problems, such as: the broadening of aesthetics, the relationship between aesthetics and ethics, the transformation of the artistic tradition, the interdependence between modernism and postmodernism, and the change in the aesthetics of fiction. Other topics addressed here include: situationalism, montage, the ordinary and the fantastic, the subject and the character, the imagination, comic modes, and the future of the postmodern strategies. The authors whose fiction is treated in some detail under the various aspects thematized are John Barth, Donald Barthelme, Richard Brautigan, Robert Coover, Stanley Elkin, Raymond Federman, William Gaddis, John Hawkes, Jerzy Kosinski, Thomas Pynchon, Ishmael Reed, Ronald Sukenick, and Kurt Vonnegut.
Many species of Drosophila are very important laboratory animals in almost all fields of biological research, because of the ease of culturing on artificial media as well as of their rapid rate of development. Also the study of natural populations, including their living conditions, has become more and more important. "The Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Fennoscandia" gives a detailed account of the taxonomy, identification, distribution, and biology of 17 genera and 128 species of West European Drosophilidae. Full descriptions and standardized illustrations of the terminalia are provided for 80 North European species. The aims of this books is to faciliate field work by providing identification keys and by giving hints for further studies on biology, distribution and other aspects of drosophilids.
Gershom Scholem stands out among modern thinkers for the richness and power of his historical imagination. A work widely esteemed as his magnum opus, Sabbatai Ṣevi offers a vividly detailed account of the only messianic movement ever to engulf the entire Jewish world. Sabbatai Ṣevi was an obscure kabbalist rabbi of seventeenth-century Turkey who aroused a fervent following that spread over the Jewish world after he declared himself to be the Messiah. The movement suffered a severe blow when Ṣevi was forced to convert to Islam, but a clandestine sect survived. A monumental and revisionary work of Jewish historiography, Sabbatai Ṣevi details Ṣevi's rise to prominence and stands out for its combination of philological and empirical authority and passion. This edition contains a new introduction by Yaacob Dweck that explains the scholarly importance of Scholem's work to a new generation of readers.
Modeling molecular structures is a useful tool for the description, classification and understanding of molecules – species, which have already been synthesized, and others existing only in the imagination of the chemist. The first part of the four–volume series ′Aspects of Organic Chemistry′ focuses on molecular structure, especially that of nucleid acids and proteins. The authors, a team of internationally recognized specialists, present a modern interdisciplinary concept between chemistry – and biology – an approach, which proved to be useful in university education. A unique book, important for both lecturers and students. Subjects of the three remaining volumes are ′Reactivity′, ′Synthesis′ and ′Methods of Structure Elucidation′.
This book has its source in the question of whether any knowledge engineering tools can be applied or analyzed in cognition research and what insights and methods of cognitive science might be relevant for knowledge engineers. It presents the proceedings of a workshop organized by the Special Interest Groups Cognition and Knowledge Engineering of the German Society for Informatics, held in February 1992 in Kaiserslautern. The book is structured into three parts. The first part contrasts work in knowledge engineering with approaches from the side of the "soft sciences". The second part deals with case-based approaches in expert systems. Cognition research and the cognitive adequacy of expert systems are discussed in the third part. Contributions from Canada, England, France, Switzerland, and the USA demonstrate how knowledge engineering and cognitive science are woven together internationally.
What is the heritage of our cities? Which are the monuments, places, and spaces in which it accumulates, and by which practices is it formed, handed down, appropriated? Gerhard Vinken takes the readers to twelve cities on three continents and analyses the diverse and contradictory heritage formations that have had a lasting impact on urban life. The vitality of urban heritage, as these vivid and in-depth case studies show, lies in the dynamic and often conflictual processes of social appropriation and interpretation. Covering a diverse range of themes, the book familiarizes the reader with important questions and theories in urban research and heritage studies.
This volume is a revised and improved edition of the auction catalogue of Kierkegaard’s private library. The catalogue has long served as one of the most valuable tools in Kierkegaard studies and has been actively used by commentators, translators and researchers for tracing the various sources of Kierkegaard’s thought. With the catalogue in hand, one can determine with some degree of probability what books he read and what editions he used for his information about specific authors. The present volume represents the fourth printing of the catalogue, and it differs from its predecessors in many respects. The previous editions contained incomplete, erroneous and inconsistent bibliographical information about the works in the catalogue. The primary goal of the present edition was to obtain all of the books and check their title pages for the precise bibliographical information. The result is an accurate and reliable edition of the catalogue that conforms to the needs of Kierkegaard studies in the digital age.
Since its publication in early 2008, the DCFR has triggered an intensive discussion throughout Europe. The contributions combined in the present volume stand out as they add a Law & Economics perspective to the ongoing debate. A workshop held at the Law and Economics Faculty of the University of Bonn in November 2008 aimed at stimulating the debate on the economic implications of the principles and rules enshrined in the DCFR. An essential part of the papers presented at the Bonn workshop are now being published. The topics addressed range from general issues such as the policies of anti-discrimination and consumer protection to analyses of specific legal areas, like the law of remedies, the law of service contracts and the law of torts or delict.
With the publication of The Origins of the Kabbalah in 1950, one of the most important scholars of our century brought the obscure world of Jewish mysticism to a wider audience for the first time. A crucial work in the oeuvre of Gershom Scholem, this book details the beginnings of the Kabbalah in twelfth- and thirteenth-century southern France and Spain, showing its rich tradition of repeated attempts to achieve and portray direct experiences of God. The Origins of the Kabbalah is a contribution not only to the history of Jewish medieval mysticism, but also to the study of medieval mysticism in general. Now with a new foreword by David Biale, this book remains essential reading for students of the history of religion.
In the two-volume set ‘A Selection of Highlights’ we present basics of mathematics in an exciting and pedagogically sound way. This volume examines many fundamental results in Geometry and Discrete Mathematics along with their proofs and their history. In the second edition we include a new chapter on Topological Data Analysis and enhanced the chapter on Graph Theory for solving further classical problems such as the Traveling Salesman Problem.
Originally published in 1991. This book brings together the ideas of an international group of experts on clinical and experimental epilepsy. These authors consider how antiepileptic drugs may act on elements of neuronal networks to reduce seizure incidence and severity. The book addresses such topics as the four general classes of anticonvulsant drug mechanisms, major epilepsy models, the proposed mechanisms of action of major antiepileptic drugs, and the clinical use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of various forms of human epilepsy. This volume is special for its focus on the neuronal network approach to epilepsy, as well as for its comprehensive review and integration of human and animal data. Neurologists, pharmacologists, psychiatrists, and other investigators actively working on epilepsy research will find this book to be a useful, thought-provoking reference volume.
This is the story of a journey to Southern California, home of the American Dream, in search of fame and fortune. An Australian couple of mixed German-Chinese origin with their six-year old son Maximilian leave their settled life in Sydney to move to California. The boy's Mandarin name is Xiaolong, meaning Little Dragon, and the dream of his mother is that he will one day become the number one golf player in the world. She has contacted Tiger Woods' first professional coach who is supposed to take the boy under his wings, and she is determined to make her dream come true. The book follows Maximilian's exposure to playing junior gold, the highlights and pitfalls along with the emotional ups and downs of children involved in competitive sport, and their parents' sometimes conflicting and contradictory expectations, culminating in an account of Maximilian competing at the Junior World Championship in San Diego. But 'The Dragon Mother's Dream' is more than a book about golf. Part travelogue and part parenting memoir, it is a journal about living in one of the most privileged places in California. It documents the everyday realities and idiosyncracies of the contemporary American way of life, recorded with great precision and attention to detail by an Australian writer of European roots and - sometimes satirical, often ironic - sensibilities. At the end of the book, the mother's dream takes an unexpected twist.
When confronted by a range of violent actions perpetrated by lone individuals, contemporary society exhibits a constant tendency to react in terms of helpless, even perplexed horror. Seeking explanations for the apparently inexplicable, commentators often hurry to declare the perpetrators as “evil”. This question is not restricted to individuals: history has repeatedly demonstrated how groups and even entire nations can embark on a criminal plan united by the conviction that they were fighting for a good and just cause. Which circumstances occasioned such actions? What was their motivation? Applying a number of historical, scientific and social-scientific approaches to this question, this study produces an integrative portrait of the reasons for human behavior and advances a number of different interpretations for their genesis. The book makes clear the extent to which we live in socially-constructed realities in which we cling for dear life to a range of conceptions and beliefs which can all too easily fall apart in situations of crisis.
The Cold War was a unique international conflict partly because Josef Stalin sought socialist transformation of other countries rather than simply the traditional objectives. This intriguing book, based on recently accessible Soviet primary sources, is the first to explain the emergence of the Cold War and its development in Stalin's lifetime from the perspective of Soviet policy-making. The book pays particular attention to the often-neglected "societal" dimension of Soviet foreign policy as a crucial element of the genesis and development of the Cold War. It is also the first to put German postwar development into the context of Soviet Cold War policy. Stalin vainly tried to mobilize the Germans with slogans of national unity and then to discredit the West among the Germans by forcing the surrender of Berlin. Further attempts to prevail deadlocked him into a confrontation with the newly united Western powers. Comparing Stalin's internal statements with Soviet actions, Gerhard Wettig draws original conclusions about Stalin's meta-plans for the regions of Germany and Eastern Europe. This fascinating look at Soviet politics during the Cold War provides readers with new insights into Stalin's willingness to initiate crisis with the West while still avoiding military conflict.
This publication contains a selection of papers submitted to five conferences held in European countries during 2000-2001, which explored the concept of plurilingualism focused on the development of principles and a framework for the promotion of teaching more than one foreign language in schools.
The book deals with the relationship between Friedrich Meinecke, who is often considered to be the leading German historian of the first half of the twentieth century, and several of his students who, after the Nazi seizure of power, were forced to emigrate because of their Jewish descent or their political views. The letters published here to Meinecke from Hans Rothfels, Dietrich Gerhard, Hajo Holborn, Felix Gilbert, Hans Rosenberg, and others show these scholars' deep respect for their old teacher, but also their growing distance from his historical interests and methods. In a period of struggle between democracy and Nazi dictatorship, the letters address the problems of emigration and remigration, German-Jewish and German-American identity, and historiography in both Germany and the United States.
This work offers a detailed case study on the dynamics of forest use, degradation, and loss in Northeast Luzon, Philippines. Following an interdisciplinary approach, the study charts the degradation and loss of forest in this area between 1950 and 1990, as it relates to the social and political context of logging, forest migration, and changes in upland agriculture. Based on ten years of research, the author introduces us to the actions, livelihood options, and motives of all the principal group of actors.
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