Miss Middleton’s scores are, indeed, a frozen moment in time which prove the existence in 1913 and 1914 of “automatic” phonic decoding of print as opposed to “conscious” psycholinguistic decoding of print. The scores also prove that automatic decoding does result from the phonic “sound” method to teach reading, since that is how Miss Middleton’s children learned to read. However, the “reading experts” in 1914 and after must have misinterpreted scores like Miss Middleton’s wildly fluctuating scores, which obviously were the result of freely wandering attention, by concluding instead that the scores had “proved” that the “sound” method had failed. The truth is that such low “reading comprehension” scores on “silent reading comprehension” tests for phonic-trained classes suggest the presence of healthy automatic conditioned reflexes in reading. Such scores may result from the Miss Middleton Effect of voluntarily wandering attention while reading automatically. Her children simply did not bother to pay attention to what they were reading automatically, but could have done so if they felt like it. Yet the inferior deaf-mute “sight-word” method forces children’s attention to “meaning” or they cannot read at all. They may therefore score higher on simple “reading comprehension tests”, but far, far worse on spelling and on reading correctly the actual words on the page.
Two different and opposite kinds of readers are developed at the very beginning stages of reading instruction as the result of different and opposite kinds of teaching. One kind of reader is taught to read by the 'sound' of print, and reads automatically and with great accuracy. The other kind of reader is taught to read by the 'meaning' of print, as Chinese characters are read, and not only reads inaccurately, but is actually encouraged to do so by so-called 'psycholinguistic guessing.' The Hidden Story explains why the teaching of 'psycholinguistic guessing' to beginning readers, although it manifestly results in a life-long disability, has been the 'experts'' instructional preference ever since 1870, although the term itself is a relatively recent invention.
The puzzling adoption in 1930 of a deaf-mute method for teaching beginning reading to hearing children in America can only be understood when the long history of teaching beginning reading is known. The deaf-mute method adopted almost immediately after 1930 from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans and from Canada to Mexico was the "meaning" approach to teach the reading of alphabetic print instead of the "sound" approach. "Dick and Jane" primers and their clones, which teach beginning reading by meaning instead of by sound are, indeed, the disgraceful source for America's functional illiteracy problem. The history is an attempt to bring together most historical sources on those primers and on the long teaching of beginning reading itself so that functional illiteracy can be properly understood and successfully corrected.
Is there more to the Christmas Nativity Story than is commonly known? Are there more answers outside of the biblical accounts? Yes, there is more information than commonly known and Bible scholars have known it for well over a century! A Shepherd's Tale answers many historic questions such as: who were the shepherds chosen to greet him on the night of His birth and why were they so special? Where was the actual site of His birth and what was the significance of that place? Was Jesus really the King of the Jews? Does the Bible tell us whether he married and had children? A Shepherd's Tale, answers these questions while portraying them in a story of wonderful characters.There have been many Christmas stories written over the past years, many fanciful and based on fictional circumstances. What makes this story so fascinating and different is that it is written as a historical novel with the description of place, time and circumstances based on fact known and recorded long ago. Samuel is a simple shepherd, but the flock he cares for is a very special one located outside of Bethlehem.Through Samuel's eyes we get a firsthand and more accurate account of the beginning of the greatest life ever lived. With A Shepherd's Tale comes a new perspective of the Christmas Nativity Story, rich in the history and culture of Judea. The beauty of the First Christmas will again fill your heart with joy and gratitude. Samuel's story is one you can't put down or soon forget. Enjoy its story on Christmas, Easter or anytime and reaffirm the spirit of Christmas everyday as Samuel's story witnesses God's timeless love for all mankind.
Appalled at the reading disabilities in her third-grade classroom in New Jersey, Geraldine E. Rodgers requested a sabbatical leave to observe first-grade reading instruction and to test resultant second-grade oral reading in the United States and Europe. In 1977-78, using a portion of a silent reading test from IEA (International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement), which she had translated commercially into Dutch, Swedish, German, and French, she tested the oral reading of over 900 second-graders in their own languages in the United States, Holland, Luxembourg, Sweden, Germany, Austria, and France. She rated first-grade teaching emphasis on a scale from 1 (for sight-word "meaning") to 10 (for phonic "sound"). Mixed programs were rated from 2 to 9. She then immediately tested the oral-reading accuracy, speed, reversals, and comprehension of second-grade children in the same schools, in their own languages.
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