Big-city mayors and other political leaders face the triple challenge of assembling a winning political coalition; translating this into an effective governing coalition; and coping with a tightening local budget constraint. The challenge is still greater when elections have produced a change in ethnic control of local government, bringing into power new groups that want to use government spending to serve their constituents' demands but are resisted by those controlling the economic resources. This volume explores the political transition now going on in big cities. One group of chapters examines recent electoral politics in Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Antonio, where different types of ethnic and class lines have been drawn, and where different strategies have been employed to adjust political machines to the new realities. A second group of chapters considers the business of governing under the conflicting pressures of community organizations, the press, the business community, and higher levels of government. A final group of chapters examines the fiscal and budgetary constraints upon big-city governments, and the difficulty that these governments, no matter how well motivated, face in generating jobs and economic opportunity for their political constituents.
Land-based financing of urban infrastructure is growing in importance in the developing world. Why is it so difficult to finance urban infrastructure investment, when land values typically increase by more than the cost of investment? Unlocking Land Values to Finance Urban Infrastructure examines the theory underlying different instruments of land-based finance, such as betterment levies, developer exactions, impact fees, and the exchange of publicly owned land assets for infrastructure. It provides a wealth of case-study illustrations of how different land-based financing tools have been implemented, and the lessons learned from these experiences. This practical guide is designed to help expand the role of land-based financing in urban capital budgets in a way that strengthens urban infrastructure finance and urban land markets.
While writing these childrens books I mixed fact with fiction, reality with fantasy, and the will to overcome near-impossible problems with creative solutions. Since children need positive encouragement, optimism, hope, and, most of all - love, Ive created stories using animals - who are true to their particular nature. I chose animals which children can both relate to and understand by their own unique behaviors, but sometimes with a little humor and a few unexpected happenings. Positive reading for positive readers! In this third volume of Wonderful Stories from Skog Forest, many silly and unwarranted fears that children and adults have are discussed and thwarted. Such strange fears are everything from green slime on rocks in rivers, ponds and lakes to cemetaries - small bugs to darkness - and, of course, rain and thunder. The book teaches children that if they would only learn about these senseless fears, the fears would go away, and also that when they come across something that is truely dangerous, they wouldn't fear it, but respect it instead. "Man hurts what he fears, fears what he hates, and hates what he does not understand! - And this is the root problem of the world!
One of the central questions of political science has been whether politicians control the bureaucracy, or whether the bureaucracy possesses independent authority from democratic institutions of government. Relying on advanced statistical techniques and case studies, George Krause argues instead for a dynamic system of influence—one allowing for two-way interaction among the president, congress, and bureaucratic agencies. Krause argues that politicians and those responsible for implementing policy respond not only to each other, but also to events and conditions within each government institution as well as to the larger policy environment. His analysis and conclusions will challenge conventional theoretical and empirical wisdom in the field of administrative politics and public bureaucracy.
World Bank Discussion Paper No. 359. Oil and energy markets have experienced dramatic changes over the past two decades--steep price increases in the 1970s and 1980s followed by a decrease in 1986 and large declines in demand in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. But despite considerable uncertainty about future developments in the world oil market, this paper finds that demand is set to rise in all main regions, particularly in developing countries, led by increasing incomes, population, industrialization, investment, and trade. This study examines the growth in demand for eight major oil products for 37 developing countries over the 1971-93 period, analyzing the relationships and changes over time for income, population, and demand for energy and oil products for each country. It also examines some of the important phenomena that affect oil demand and calculates income and price elasticities for each product in all countries.
PUBLISHING JANURARY 3, 2020! With a focus on presidential leadership, the authors address the capacity of chief executives to fulfill their tasks, exercise their powers, and utilize their organizational structures to affect the output of government. The authors examine all aspects of the presidency in rich detail, including the president’s powers, presidential history, and the institution of the presidency. Guiding their analysis is their unique contrast between two broad perspectives on the presidency—the constrained president (“facilitator”) and the dominant president (“director”)—making the text a perennial favorite for courses on the presidency. The authors richly illustrate their engaging analysis with timely, fascinating examples. They fully integrate the Trump presidency into every chapter, offering wide-ranging coverage. Moreover, they devote separate chapters to essential aspects of President Trump’s approach to governing such as on media relations, leading the public, and decision making. Equally important, they incorporate the most recent scholarship and their own unique approach to show how the Trump presidency illuminates our basic understanding of the presidency, making Presidential Leadership the perfect vehicle for understanding the president and his impact on the office.
This classic text on the American presidency analyzes the institution and the presidents who hold the office through the key lens of leadership. Edwards, Mayer, and Wayne explain the leadership dilemma presidents face and their institutional, political, and personal capacities to meet it. Two models of presidential leadership help us understand the institution: one in which a strong president dominates the political environment as a director of change, and another in which the president performs a more limited role as facilitator of change. Each model provides an insightful perspectives to better understand leadership in the modern presidency and to evaluate the performance of individual presidents. With no simple formula for presidential success, and no partisan perspective driving the analysis, the authors help us understand that presidents and citizens alike must understand the nature of presidential leadership in a pluralistic system in which separate institutions share powers. This fully revised thirteenth edition is fully updated through the Biden administration, with recent policy developments, the 2022 midterm elections, changes to the media environment, and the latest data.
The world?s urban population doubled between 1970 and 2008, growing from 1.5 billion to 3 billion people. Future world population growth will be concentrated in developing countries?the majority in medium-size and smaller cities and towns. International institutions and governments alike face the challenge of efficiently financing the massive investment in infrastructure required to support this urban growth. The Urban Infrastructure Fund (UIF) is a tool designed to meet this need. Responsibility for subproject oversight, credit assessment, financial management reform, and other critical tasks.
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