Land of the Marathas, Western India, 1641-1660 The Indian sub - continent is ruled by three tyrannical Sultanates... the powerful Mughals in the North, and the Shia rulers - Adilshah and Qutubshah in the South. The native population, supressed for centuries, is subjected to slavery, bigotry, injustice and even torture. Through generations of subservience, the very idea of freedom has been wiped from their minds. As incessant battles rage between the Sultanates, the soldiers who fight and die on the battlefields are mostly Marathas, sons of the soil. Villages and crops are repeatedly razed by the invading armies, men killed in both peacetime and war, their women abducted. Maharashtra, once a prosperous land ruled by competent native rulers and inhabited by peaceful people, has been reduced almost to a wasteland. In this dark era, the sixteen-year-old son of an Adilshahi jagirdar stands up to declare: “I shall not serve, and neither shall my people!” The dream of a free State and an identity for his peoplesmouldering in his heart, he dares to rebel against the powerful Sultan, Adilshah. He begins with nothing... no army, no weapons and an empty treasury. Yet he achieves what no soldier, chieftain or king has ever achieved in defiance of the imperialists who rule. 300 Brave Men is the incredible story of Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhosale, a legendary warrior king, guerrilla fighter, brilliant tactician and clever diplomat. But above all, a remarkable human being. You have read history... now read his story...
LAND OF THE MARATHAS, 1661 – 1674 Epic Story of Shivaji Maharaj, India’s Greatest Warrior-King, And Birth of the Maratha Empire Shivaji Bhosale’s struggle against imperial powers continues as massive Mughal armies repeatedly descend upon his tiny fiefdom. Emperor Aurangzeb recognizes the dangerous threat of the Mountain Rat and resolves to finish him off, once and for all. He sends Shaista Khan, his maternal uncle, with a large army, but Shivaji, in a daring night raid, attacks the much decorated Mughal General, cutting off his fingers. Turning his attention once again to Sultan Adilshah, Shivji systematically expands his holdings in the Konkan. Along the coast, the British, Portuguese and Abyssinian also find him a serious obstacle to their coastal interests. Infuriated, the Mughal Emperor sends Jai Singh and Diler Khan to the Deccan with another large army. Jai Singh proves to be the toughest challenge Shivaji has faced. After winning almost every battle for two decades, Shivaji is finally subdued by Jai Singh and faces the humiliation of receiving Aurangzeb’s firmaan to surrender a large part of his fiefdom and serve in the Mughal army. In a final insult, Shivaji is compelled to visit Agra and bow before Aurangzeb at court. By royal order, he and his son are detained in Agra, under heavy guard. The ingenious Maratha, however, foiling all attempts to assassinate them, escapes, leaving the Emperor seething in impotent fury. Safely home again, Shivaji embarks on the re-conquest of his lost forts and territories. Finally, in 1674, in defiance of imperial rule, he crowns himself King of the Marathas. After more than three and a half centuries of enslavement, the Marathi people have their own King. Shivaji Raje Bhosale thus becomes Chhatrapati, Lord of the Royal Umbrella…
In 2019, the BJP came into power once again on the back of one of the most significant electoral mandates in recent years. Since then, the Narendra Modi-led government has seen a tumultuous few years as they have implemented far-reaching legislative changes including the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, triple talaq, the Citizenship (Amendment) Act as well as farming laws. These laws, when implemented, caused widespread protests and upheaval across the country. While the country grappled with internal strife, it also faced challenges from its neighbours in the form of one of the most intense military stand-offs in decades after an unprovoked attack by China's People's Liberation Army at Galwan as well as a global pandemic. While the Modi government took swift steps to limit the spread of the pandemic in 2020, the second wave of COVID-19 in early 2021 hit the country hard, claiming thousands of lives. Bringing a well-researched and nuanced understanding to Modi's second term, The Midway Battle sheds light on the sociopolitical issues facing India as it continues its struggle against enemies both known and unknown, and puts into in perspective what lies ahead for the world's biggest democracy.
This book studies the recent legacy of basti “evictions” in Delhi—mass clearings of some of the city’s poorest neighborhoods—as a way to understand how the urban poor are disenfranchised in the name of “public interest” and, in the case of Delhi, by the very courts meant to empower and protect them. Studying bastes, says Gautam Bhan, provokes six clear lines of inquiry applicable to studies of urbanism across the global south. The first is the long-standing debate over urban informality and illegality: the debate’s impact on conceptions and practices of urban planning, the production of space, and the regulation of value. The second is a set of debates on “good governance,” read through their intersections with ideas of “planned development” within rapidly transforming cities. The third is the political field of urban citizenship and the possibilities of substantive rights and belonging in the city. The fourth is resistance and the ability of a city’s subaltern residents to struggle against exclusion. The two remaining inquiries both cut across and unify the first four. One of these is the role of the judiciary and the relationships between law and urbanism in cities of the global south. The other is the relationship between democracy and inequality in the city. What emerges about Delhi in particular are a set of new modes for the reproduction of inequality. When rights are lost, citizenship is unequal and differentiated, the promise of development is refused, and poverty and inequality are reproduced and deepened. The task at hand, says Bhan, is not just to explain evictions but also to listen to what they are telling us about “the city that is as well as the city that can be.”
This book examines language contact and shift in Nepal, a multilingual context where language attitudes and policies often reflect the complex socio-cultural and socio-political relationship between minority, majority and endangered languages and peoples. Presenting the results of a 15-year study and making use of both quantitative and qualitative data, the author presents evidence relating to speakers' opinions and perceptions of mother tongues including English, Hindi, Nepali, Sherpa, Dotyali, Jumli and Tharu. This book explores an under-studied part of the world, and the findings will be relevant to scholars working in other multilingual contexts in fields including language policy and planning, language contact and change, and language attitudes and ideologies.
A flourishing career, a passionate love affair and a lasting friendship come in the way of an unforgiving disaster. What ensues is a desperate attempt to hold onto the pieces that are falling apart. The pandemic not just ravaged the lives of millions of people but also bolstered the feelings of love, friendship and brotherhood in its wake. When the world was collapsing under COVID-19, a group of youngsters was busy salvaging humanity. While the Delhiites were adrift on the second wave, the heroic efforts of Rahul, a small-town boy, and Aditi, a gorgeous, affluent and qualified doctor with a benevolent heart, together with the support of the district administration’s office proved that not all heroes wear capes. But are these heroes ready to pay the price for providing succour to others? Will they be magnanimous enough to let go of their own dreams, aspirations and even their life as they devote their time and resources to provide relief to strangers? Will their love tide over the unforgiving disaster that has gripped the world?
★About The Book ★ The current Edition of book NDA/NA SSB (Service Selection Board) has been designed as per exam pattern. The Book is based on latest exam syllabus and pattern. ★Highlights of The Book ★ The Book consist Intelligence and Personality Test. The Book is prepared for a manner that will be very useful for the candidates who is appearing in upcoming Exam. Stage 1 and Stage 2 procedure test are given in chapter form to clarify point to point. The Book contains chapter theory, examples and at the end of each chapter MCQs with detailed solutions or explanation that will provide aspirants much-needed confidence. ★Features of The Book ★ All MCQs are collected as per exams questions. Detailed solutions are provided for multiple choice questions. All MCQS are syllabus based. All chapters are prepared on the previous years exams pattern. None of the questions is pick out from the syllabus. Book is best for Self-Practice during the precious moments before the exam.
LAND OF THE MARATHAS, 1661 – 1674 Epic Story of Shivaji Maharaj, India’s Greatest Warrior-King, And Birth of the Maratha Empire Shivaji Bhosale’s struggle against imperial powers continues as massive Mughal armies repeatedly descend upon his tiny fiefdom. Emperor Aurangzeb recognizes the dangerous threat of the Mountain Rat and resolves to finish him off, once and for all. He sends Shaista Khan, his maternal uncle, with a large army, but Shivaji, in a daring night raid, attacks the much decorated Mughal General, cutting off his fingers. Turning his attention once again to Sultan Adilshah, Shivji systematically expands his holdings in the Konkan. Along the coast, the British, Portuguese and Abyssinian also find him a serious obstacle to their coastal interests. Infuriated, the Mughal Emperor sends Jai Singh and Diler Khan to the Deccan with another large army. Jai Singh proves to be the toughest challenge Shivaji has faced. After winning almost every battle for two decades, Shivaji is finally subdued by Jai Singh and faces the humiliation of receiving Aurangzeb’s firmaan to surrender a large part of his fiefdom and serve in the Mughal army. In a final insult, Shivaji is compelled to visit Agra and bow before Aurangzeb at court. By royal order, he and his son are detained in Agra, under heavy guard. The ingenious Maratha, however, foiling all attempts to assassinate them, escapes, leaving the Emperor seething in impotent fury. Safely home again, Shivaji embarks on the re-conquest of his lost forts and territories. Finally, in 1674, in defiance of imperial rule, he crowns himself King of the Marathas. After more than three and a half centuries of enslavement, the Marathi people have their own King. Shivaji Raje Bhosale thus becomes Chhatrapati, Lord of the Royal Umbrella…
Gandhian Philosophy and thought on education had brought a new dimension and fundamental changes in all aspects of secondary education. He categorically emphasized on the development of social, cultural, economic, environmental and aesthetic values. He adopted the principles of ‘Learning by doing’ which will cause ‘all round drawing out of the best in child and man –body, mind and spirit’. Gandhi wanted to make our child more practical rather than depending upon the accumulation of bookish knowledge. So he emphasized on the development of 3Hs (Head, Heart and Hand) instead of 3Rs (Reading, writing and arithmetic). Gandhi rejected spoon feeding education and emphasized on the awakening of humanism and self-consciousness through self-activity and self-dependence. He advocated self-respect, self-discipline and self-honours and one’s duties and responsibilities to be achieved through education. Thus the introduction of Charkha or the spinning wheel in schools was considered the way of reviving the inner consciousness of humanity. A child receiving craft centric, purposeful, useful and meaningful education will be truly prepared for gaining self-efficiency for generating new ideas and entrepreneurial spirit concerned for quality, peace and prosperity of the humanity and for the total development of manhood. Mahatma Gandhi believed that education means, ‘all round drawing out of the best in child and man, body, mind and spirit’ The philosophical views of Gandhiji indicate that education is a means of self- supporting and self- sufficiency in life , based on truthfulness , firmness, patience and other virtues. True education makes a student an able citizen to serve the country self-less service. True education is a true knowledge of the self, soul and God. The nature of true education is defined as the formation of character.
This book is dedicated to the residents of the submerged town of Bilaspur who witnessed the submergence of their town and their houses in the waters of the Bhakra Dam. The palace, temples, streets, houses, schools, college, grounds and trees—all were drowned, as the level of the water rose in the reservoir. This book would allow the younger generation to have a glimpse into the history of their new town which is rehabilitated just above the old town. This would enable them to read about the old town that they did not have the opportunity to live in but what forms the foundation of their rich cultural inheritance. This book is in a pictorial format, which was presented live in the online program conducted by the Himachal Pradesh Language, Art and Culture Academy. Hope this helps bridge the gaps of time and age between the new generation and their forefathers who were the oustees of their own town and their sacrifice is remembered through the ages to come.
Since the mid-1990s, Indian thinking on national security has been based on the assumption that the country would progress on a growth trajectory sufficient to modernise its defence capacities and thereby enable some form of parity with a rising China. The reality has been otherwise. China's spectacular growth – and accompanying military modernisation – has hugely outpaced that of India while the Indian military modernisation has moved fitfully. In the past several years, budgets have committed less than 2 per cent of GDP –the lowest levels since the war of 1962 – for the military. Even if spending were to rise to 3 per cent, little funding would be available for modernisation after allowing for rising pensions, salaries and other components of the budget. Put simply, the authors state, India needs a national security strategy for hard times. It would be a strategy grounded in reality – India's priority has to be the raising of vast numbers of its people out of abject poverty, even if the strategies of countries like China and the United States, economically more developed, can aim at being global powers. In Hard Times is an important collection that highlights the major challenges India confronts and the ways they can be tackled, especially in the light of the upheavals caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Its contributors include former military officers, including Admiral Arun Prakash and Lt Gen. D.S. Hooda, whose views have helped shape discussions on strategy, as well as commentators such as Dr Sanjaya Baru. Experience tells us that in war it's often the smarter side that wins, not the stronger one. These essays point us in that direction.
This book details the designing of hybrid control strategies for practical systems containing time varying uncertainties, disturbances, nonlinearities, unknown parameters, unmodelled dynamics, delays, etc., concurrently. In this book, the advantages of different controllers will be brought together to produce superior control performance for the practical systems. Being aware of the advantages of adaptive controller to tackle unknown constant, time varying uncertainties and time varying disturbances, a variant of adaptive controller, namely L1 adaptive controller, is hybridized with other strategies. In this book, to facilitate optimal parameter setting of the basic L1 adaptive controller, stochastic optimization technique will be hybridized with it. The stability of the optimization technique along with the controller will be guaranteed analytically with the help of spectral radius convergence. The proposed method exhibits satisfactory exploration and exploitation capabilities. Again, this book will throw light on tackling nonlinearities along with uncertainties and disturbances by hybridizing fuzzy logic with L1 adaptive controller. The performances of the designed controllers will be compared with different control methodologies to validate their effectiveness. The overall stability of the nonlinear system with the designed controller will be guaranteed with the help of fuzzy Lyapunov function to retain the zonal behaviour of the system. This fuzzy PDC-L1 adaptive controller is efficient to tackle nonlinearities and at the same time cancels unknown constant, time varying uncertainties and time varying disturbances adequately. This book will also contain four simulation case studies to validate fruitfulness of the designed controllers. To demonstrate the superior control ability of these controllers in tackling practical system, three experimental case studies will also be provided.
Income insecurity in old age is likely to be one key cause of increased poverty in South Asia, and setting up systems to avert this crisis should be a central public policy goal of each country. Several countries in the region are therefore beginning to evaluate a range of policy options for pension reforms. Given the remarkable similarity of each country in terms of demography, labor markets, and political structures, lessons from both success and failure in pension policy design and implementation are highly portable from one country to another within the region. This publication proposes the establishment of a South Asia Pension Forum that is intended to foster and support intensive policy analysis, research, and consultation on pension reforms and social security within the region.
The spirit of social development in Nepal has remained an important component of exist the bright future of people with disabilities. The vital role being played by Late: Khagendra Bahadur Basnyat who creates social groups and formal organizations in this regard need not be overemphasized. In fact, the spirit of social service is in the ethos of Nepalese slogan social service is great sprit for humanity based on mutual assistance and cooperation in communities. This sort of dedicating group etiquette has its own importance in creating light of life to access the better future and better social an environment with mutual trust and social harmony.
This paper assembles a comprehensive dataset of the currency composition of countries’ external balance sheets for 50 economies over the period 1990–2020. We document the following findings: (i) the US dollar and the euro still dominate global external balance sheets; (ii) there were striking changes in the currency composition across countries since the 1990s, with many emerging markets having moved from short to long positions in foreign currency, thus moving away from the so-called “original sin”; (iii) financial and tradeweighted exchange rates are weakly correlated, suggesting the commonly used trade indices do not adequately reflect the wealth effects of currency movements, and (iv) the large wealth transfers across countries during COVID-19 and the global financial crises increased global imbalances in the former, and reduced them in the latter.
Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation introduces techniques for nanoparticle formation and their benefits in environmental cleanup, as well as their recent advances and applications in wastewater treatment. The book follows a sequential approach for the treatment of wastewater, presenting state-of-the-art techniques for the characterization and measurement of nanomaterials. Nanoparticles represent a promising new technology for wastewater remediation, not only because of their high treatment efficiency, but also for their cost effectiveness, as they have the flexibility for in situ and ex situ applications. New methods for developing nanomaterials with less environmental risk are described. Nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles and graphene-based nanocomposites are discussed in detail. Also includes in-depth analyses of the ecotoxicological impacts of nanomaterials and the latest findings on the transport and fate of nanomaterials in the environment. Covers methods for the characterization of nanomaterials using advanced instrumental techniques Includes innovative methods for developing new nanomaterials while lessening their environmental risk Provides the latest methods for determining the transport and fate of nanomaterials in the environment Discusses in detail nanomaterials such as magnetic nanoparticles and graphene-based nanocomposites
IN THIS VOLUME: Military Modernisation in the Absence of a National Security Doctrine - Lt Gen JS Bajwa Rafale Deal - Untying the Knots - Air Marshal Anil Chopra Modernisation of Army Air Defence - Maj Gen AK Mehra Visualised Indian Artillery Considering Threats from China and Pakistan - Maj Gen PK Chakravorty Aviation: The Future is Unmanned - Air Marshal Anil Chopra Revamping the IAF’s Trainer Fleet - Gp Capt B Menon The Eagle, The Dragon, The Elephant and The Bear - Col Anil Athale Restructuring the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) - Col NP Singh Bull in the China Shop: The Indian Army vs The PLA - Brig Deepak Sinha China’s Reclamation of Islands in the South China Sea: Implications for India - Maj Gen PK Chakravorty Militarization of South China Sea: Offence-Defense Paradigm - S Rajasimman India’s Nuclear Submarine Programme - Rear Adm AP Revi India’s Air Defence: Is it Capable? - Maj Gen AK Mehra Make in India in Defence Production: Challenges & Opportunities - DC Srivastava KAMOV: The Make in India Defence Deal - Dr SN Misra What S-400 will bring to the Indian Ground-Based: Air Defence Capability? - Lt Gen VK Saxena Make in India: Problems and Prospects for the Aerospace Industry - Gp Capt AK Sachdev Aerospace and Defence News - Priya Tyagi Nurturing Military Institutions: For the Good of the Nation - Lt Gen Gautam Banerjee Ending the World’s Worst Atrocities: Darfur - Anant Mishra Myanmar Elections and Impact on the Region - Danvir Singh Spectre of ISIS’ Cyber Jihad Pandemic - Maj Gen AK Chadha
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