Since the seventeenth century, concern in the Western world for the welfare of the individual has been articulated philosophically most often as a concern for his rights. The modern conception of individual rights resulted from abandonment of ancient, value-laced ideas of nature and their replacement by the modern, mathematically transparent idea of nature that has room only for individuals, often in conflict. In A Philosophical History of Rights, Gary B. Herbert traces the historical evolution of the concept and the transformation of the problems through which the concept is defined. The volume examines the early history of rights as they existed in ancient Greece, and locates the first philosophical inquiry into the nature of rights in Platonic and Aristotelian accounts. He traces Roman jurisprudence to the advent of Christianity, to the divine right of kings. Herbert follows the historical evolution of modern subjective rights, the attempts by Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Fichte, and Hegel to mediate rights, to make them sociable. He then turns to nineteenth-century condemnation of rights in the theories of the historical school of law, Benthamite utilitarianism, and Marxist socialism. Following World War II, a newly revived language of rights had to be constructed, to express universal moral outrage over what came to be called crimes against humanity. The contemporary Western concern for rights is today a concern for the individual and a recognition of the limits beyond which a society must not go in sacrificing the individual's welfare for its own conception of the common good. In his conclusion, Herbert addresses the postmodern critique of rights as a form of moral imperialism legitimizing relations of dominance and subjection. In addition to his historical analysis of the evolution of theories of rights, Herbert exposes the philosophical confusions that arise when we exchange one concept of rights for another and continue to cite historical antecedents for contemporary attitudes that are in fact their philosophical antithesis. A Philosophical History of Rights will be of interest to philosophers, historians, and political scientists.
There can be no doubt that Thomas Hobbes intended to create a complete philosophical system. In recent years, piecemeal analysis has ignored that intention and reduced his philosophy to an unsystematic jumble of irreconcilable parts. It is generally believed that Hobbes's mechanistic physics is at odds with his notorious egoistic psychology, and that the latter cannot support his prescriptive moral theory. In this book Gary B. Herbert sets forth an entirely new interpretation of Hobbes's philosophy that takes seriously Hobbes's original systematic intention.
Since the seventeenth century, concern in the Western world for the welfare of the individual has been articulated philosophically most often as a concern for his rights. The modern conception of individual rights resulted from abandonment of ancient, value-laced ideas of nature and their replacement by the modern, mathematically transparent idea of nature that has room only for individuals, often in conflict. In A Philosophical History of Rights, Gary B. Herbert traces the historical evolution of the concept and the transformation of the problems through which the concept is defined. The volume examines the early history of rights as they existed in ancient Greece, and locates the first philosophical inquiry into the nature of rights in Platonic and Aristotelian accounts. He traces Roman jurisprudence to the advent of Christianity, to the divine right of kings. Herbert follows the historical evolution of modern subjective rights, the attempts by Locke, Rousseau, Kant, Fichte, and Hegel to mediate rights, to make them sociable. He then turns to nineteenth-century condemnation of rights in the theories of the historical school of law, Benthamite utilitarianism, and Marxist socialism. Following World War II, a newly revived language of rights had to be constructed, to express universal moral outrage over what came to be called crimes against humanity. The contemporary Western concern for rights is today a concern for the individual and a recognition of the limits beyond which a society must not go in sacrificing the individual's welfare for its own conception of the common good. In his conclusion, Herbert addresses the postmodern critique of rights as a form of moral imperialism legitimizing relations of dominance and subjection. In addition to his historical analysis of the evolution of theories of rights, Herbert exposes the philosophical confusions that arise when we exchange one concept of rights for another and continue to cite historical antecedents for contemporary attitudes that are in fact their philosophical antithesis. A Philosophical History of Rights will be of interest to philosophers, historians, and political scientists.
There can be no doubt that Thomas Hobbes intended to create a complete philosophical system. In recent years, piecemeal analysis has ignored that intention and reduced his philosophy to an unsystematic jumble of irreconcilable parts. It is generally believed that Hobbes's mechanistic physics is at odds with his notorious egoistic psychology, and that the latter cannot support his prescriptive moral theory. In this book Gary B. Herbert sets forth an entirely new interpretation of Hobbes's philosophy that takes seriously Hobbes's original systematic intention.
This engaging vocabulary workbook for 6th, 7th, and 8th graders makes learning vocabulary skills fun! Colorful, dynamic, and filled with engaging puzzle-format worksheets, McGraw Hill Vocabulary Grades 6-8, Third Edition provides a fun learning experience for your child to learn and practice the skills they need to do well in school and on standardized tests, or as an integral part of their homeschooling curriculum. With more than 500 essential vocabulary words and 50 lessons, each featuring a special topic, McGraw Hill Vocabulary Grades 6-8 features tools to help master different types of words (including easily confused words), guidance on learning prefixes, suffixes, and compound words, and easy ways for students to look up and check their progress. As they work through the book, students will sharpen both their vocabulary and many of the word skills they’ll need to do well on current tests and later grades. Features include: NEW! 5 additional lessons covering 50 additional vocabulary words Ideal for both supplemental classwork and homeschoolers More than 500 essential vocabulary words appropriate for students in grades 6 through 8 50 engaging lessons that will help your student learn both meaning and usage of words Vocabulary related to math, social studies, science, health and more A puzzle format that makes practicing vocabulary fun The tools to master synonyms, antonyms, homophones, and easily confused words Guidance on learning prefixes, suffixes, and compound words An alphabetical word list at the end of the book that makes looking up vocabulary easy
Put your bookworm reputation on the line and prove your literary knowledge with this collection of quizzes for book whizzes. Book lovers can answer questions by themselves or host a quiz among friends with twenty-four quizzes to keep you guessing with a variety of question styles including: - 'Blankety Books', where you must fill in the missing word in each title - Anagrams to decipher - 'Two of a Kind', where you must identify a character and author who share the same initials - Guess the book with 'Say What You See' pictures and badly drawn covers - 'Book Bingo' The quizzes are carefully weighted so avid bookworms will get a workout, while more casual readers can still have lots of fun having a go. All questions are designed to aid guessing, with multiple-choice answers and hints, and make the reader smile with amusing wrong answers, clever red herrings, little-known facts and footnotes.
We now know the answers to helping long time welfare recipients become self-sufficient, and how to pry loose the dead hand of human service bureaucracies. "I enjoy coming to work and learning different things...I really like my kids to know I work...This should have happened 10 years ago...I believe many of my friends wouldn't do no drugs if they had a chance for a real job." - Rebecca, a woman from Chicago's notorious housing projects, high school dropout and former welfare recipient now working at UPS. The problems with welfare systems is not a lack of funds, but rather failure to connect the funds to families and communities in a way that makes a difference in people's lives. Through involvement with welfare recipients, community leaders, caseworkers and others, author Gary MacDougal and Illinois Governor Jim Edgar led the state government in its biggest reorganization since 1900, creating a model for the rest of the nation.
REA's test preparation book for the SAT II: United States History includes six full-length practice exams based on official exam questions released by the College Board. Also included is a comprehensive review course of US History, covering all major topics found on the exam. For college bound high school students who want the best test preparation for this exam.
A NEWER EDITION OF THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE. SEE ISBN: 978-0-7386-0625-5 Get the AP college credits you''ve worked so hard for... Our savvy test experts show you the way to master the test and score higher. This new and fully expanded edition includes a comprehensive review course of all the topics covered on the exam: the Colonial Period, the American Revolution, the U.S. Constitution, Westward expansion, the Civil War, Reconstruction, Industrialism, World War I, the Great Depression, World War II, the Vietnam Era, Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism. Features 6 full-length practice exams with all answers thoroughly explained. Follow up your study with REA''s test-taking strategies, powerhouse drills and study schedule that get you ready for test day. DETAILS - Comprehensive, up-to-date subject review of every US history topic used in the AP exam - Study schedule tailored to your needs - Packed with proven key exam tips, insights and advice - 6 full-length practice exams. All exam answers are fully detailed with easy-to-follow, easy-to-grasp explanations. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT RESEARCH & EDUCATION ASSOCIATION ABOUT THE BOOK ABOUT THE TEST ABOUT THE REVIEW SECTION SCORING THE EXAM CONTACTING THE AP PROGRAM AP U.S. HISTORY STUDY SCHEDULE AP UNITED STATES HISTORY COURSE REVIEW 1 The Colonial Period (1500-1763) 2 The American Revolution (1763-1787) 3 The United States Constitution (1787-1789) 4 The New Nation (1789-1824) 5 Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1824-1850) 6 Sectional Conflict and the Causes of the Civil War (1850-1860) 7 The Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1877) 8 Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era (1877-1912) 9 Wilson and World War I (1912-1920) 10 The Roaring Twenties and Economic Collapse (1920-1929) 11 The Great Depression and the New Deal (1929-1941) 12 World War II and the Post-War Era (1941-1960) 13 The New Frontier, Vietnam, and Social Upheaval (1960-1972) 14 Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism (1972-2001) AP UNITED STATES HISTORY PRACTICE TESTS Test 1 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers Test 2 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers Test 3 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers Test 4 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers Test 5 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers Test 6 Answer Sheet Answer Key Detailed Explanations of Answers AP US HISTORY EXCERPT ABOUT THE BOOK This book gives you all the tools you''ll need to master the Advanced Placement Examination in United States History. REA''s concise review is the perfect companion to your textbook readings and classroom discussion. And our six full-length practice tests, all based on the current format of the AP exam, mirror the actual test-taking experience. We don''t stop there, however. Following each exam you''ll find an answer key complete with detailed explanations that tell you not just what''s correct but why. By studying our review section, completing all six practice exams, and carefully checking the answer explanations, you''ll be able to completely inventory your strengths and weaknesses. Follow our study schedule (see page x) and when test day rolls around, you''ll have everything you need to be completely at ease with the material. Teachers, too, will find this book an excellent resource for the Advanced Placement course in U.S. History. In fact, many AP instructors use it as a supplementary text because it so comprehensively supports and addresses specific curriculum objectives for the course and exam. ABOUT THE TEST The Advanced Placement Program is designed to allow high school students to pursue college-level studies while attending high school. The three-hour five-minute AP U.S. History exam is usually given to high school students who have completed a year''s study in a college-level U.S. History course. The test results are then used to determine the awarding of course credit and/or advanced course placement in college. According to the College Board, students taking this exam are called upon to demonstrate "systematic factual knowledge" and bring to bear critical, persuasive analysis of the full sweep of U.S. history. This is why we make every effort to establish and build upon context for you, rather than encouraging rote memorization of disconnected facts. The AP U.S. History Exam is divided into two sections: 1) Multiple-Choice: This section is composed of 80 multiple-choice questions designed to gauge your ability to understand and analyze U.S. history from the Colonial period to the present. The majority of the questions, however, are based on 19th- and 20th-century history. This section tests factual knowledge, scope of preparation, and knowledge-based analytical skills. You''ll have 55 minutes to complete this section, which accounts for 50 percent of your final grade. 2) Free-Response: This section is composed of three essay questions designed to measure your ability to write coherent, intelligent, well-organized essays on historical topics. The essays require you to demonstrate mastery of historical interpretation and the ability to express views and knowledge in writing. The essays may relate documents to different areas, analyze common themes of different time periods, or compare individual and group experiences which reflect socioeconomic, racial, gender, and ethnic differences. Part A consists of a mandatory 15-minute reading period, followed by 45 minutes during which you must answer a document-based question (DBQ), which changes from year to year. In Part B the student chooses to answer on two of the topics that are given. You will have 70 minutes to write these essays. The free-response section counts for 50 percent of your final grade. These topics are broken down into thirds: - Political Institutions (1/3rd) - Social and Economic Change (1/3rd) - Behavior and Public Policy, Diplomacy and International Relations, Intellectual and Cultural Development (1/3rd) The time periods covered are as follows: - Pre-Colonial through 1789 (1/6th of exam) - 1790-1914 (1/2 of exam) - 1915-present (1/3rd of exam) ABOUT THE REVIEW SECTION This book begins with REA''s concise yet thorough 230-page review of U.S. history designed to acquaint you with the exam''s scope of coverage. Our review covers these topics and historical time periods: - The Colonial Period (1500-1763) - The American Revolution (1763-1787) - The United States Constitution (1787-1789) - The New National (1789-1824) - Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1824-1850) - Sectional Conflict and The Causes of the Civil War (1850-1860) - The Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1877) - Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era (1877-1912) - Wilson and World War I (1912-1920) - The Roaring Twenties and Economic Collapse (1920-1929) - The Great Depression and the New Deal (1929-1941) - World War II and the Post-War Era (1941-1960) - The New Frontier, Vietnam, and Social Upheaval (1960-1972) - Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism (1972-2001) SCORING THE EXAM The multiple-choice section of the exam is scored by crediting each correct answer with one point and deducting one-fourth of a point for each incorrect answer. You will neither receive a credit nor suffer a deduction for unanswered questions. The free-response essays are graded by instructors and professors from across the country who come together each June for a week of non-stop AP essay grading. Each essay booklet is read and scored by several graders. Each grader provides a score for the individual essays. The DBQ is scored on a scale from 0 to 15, 0 being the lowest and 15 the highest. Each topic-based essay receives a score from 0 to 9. These scores are concealed so that each grader is unaware of the previous graders'' assessments. When the essays have been graded completely, the scores are averaged-one score for each essay-so that the free-response section generates three scores. The total weight of the free-response section is 50 percent of the total score. Your work in the multiple-choice section counts for the other 50 percent. Each year, grades fluctuate slightly because the grading scale is adjusted to take into account the performance of the total AP U.S. History test-taker population. When used with the corresponding chart, the scoring method we present here will strongly approximate the score you would receive if you were sitting for the actual AP U.S. History exam. SCORING THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTION For the multiple-choice section, use this formula to calculate your raw score: Number right - (number wrong x 1/4) = raw score (round to the nearest whole number) SCORING THE FREE-RESPONSE SECTION For the free-response section, use this formula to calculate your raw score: DBQ + Essay #1 + Essay #2 + = raw score (round to the nearest whole number) You may want to give your essays three different grades, such as a 13, 10, and an 8, and then calculate your score three ways: as if you di
Master the SAT United States History Subject Test and score higher... Our test experts show you the right way to prepare for this important college exam. REA's SAT United States History Subject test prep covers all US historical areas to appear on the actual exam including in-depth coverage of the Colonial Period, the American Revolution, the Civil War and Reconstruction, World War I and World War II, American Imperialism, the Cold War and more. The book features 6 full-length practice SAT Subject United States History exams. Each practice exam question is fully explained to help you better understand the subject material. Use the book's glossary for speedy look-ups and smarter searches. Follow up your study with REA's proven test-taking strategies, powerhouse drills and study schedule that get you ready for test day. DETAILS - Comprehensive review of every United States History topic to appear on the SAT II subject test - Flexible study schedule tailored to your needs - Packed with proven test tips, strategies and advice to help you master the test - 6 full-length practice SAT II United States History Subject exams. Each exam question is answered in complete detail with easy-to-follow, easy-to-grasp explanations. - The book's glossary allows for quicker, smarter searches of the information you need most
In Regional Interest Magazines of the United States, Sam G. Riley and Gary W. Selnow focus on those magazines that direct their attention to a particular city or region and reach a fairly general readership intersted in entertainment and information. This work is a follow-up to their earlier Index to City and Regional Magazines of the United States. Titles are arranged alphabetically to facilitate access; each entry includes a historical essay on the magazine's founding, development, editorial policies, and content. Entries also include two sections that provide data on information sources and publication history, arranged in tabular form for ready reference. In choosing the magazines to be profiled, Riley and Selnow attempted to represent not only the biggest and most successful of this genre, but also some smaller and newer titles, plus significant earlier magazines that are no longer in print. Special care was also taken to achieve an even geographical spread. To attain greater accuracy, regional writers were enlisted to do the entries on their own region. These writers provide valuable information on how the various magazines began, how conditions have caused them to change, their problems, their editors and publishers, and their content as well as colorful and little known facts of their operation. Magazines were arranged alphabetically, and two informative appendices list the profiled titles by founding date and geographic location. This volume will be a valuable resource for students of magazine publishing history.
A NEWER EDITION OF THIS TITLE IS AVAILABLE. SEE ISBN: 978-0-7386-0624-8 Get the AP college credits you've worked so hard for... Our savvy test experts show you the way to master the test and score higher. This new and fully expanded edition includes a comprehensive review course of all the topics covered on the exam: the Colonial Period, the American Revolution, the U.S. Constitution, Westward expansion, the Civil War, Reconstruction, Industrialism, World War I, the Great Depression, World War II, the Vietnam Era, Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism. Features 6 full-length practice exams with all answers thoroughly explained. Includes CD-ROM software containing 3 of the book's tests as timed, computerized exams that provide actual exam conditions with controlled timing and question order. Your score and test performance are automatically calculated plus the program provides analysis of your performance with suggestions for further study. Follow up your study with REA's test-taking strategies, powerhouse drills and study schedule that get you ready for test day. DETAILS- Comprehensive, up-to-date subject review of every US history topic used in the AP exam- 6 full-length practice exams. All exam answers are fully detailed with easy-to-follow, easy-to-grasp explanations.- CD-ROM TESTware program containing 3 of the book's 6 practice exams to give you the closest thing to experiencing an exam live at a computer testing center.- Study schedule tailored to your needs- Packed with proven key exam tips, insights and advice SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSTESTware CD-ROM is both Windows and Macintosh compatible. > Suitable for any PC with 16 MB of RAM minimum, Windows 98 or later. > Any Macintosh with a 68020 or higher processor, 16 MB of RAM minimum, System 7.1 through 10.2x. TABLE OF CONTENTSABOUT OUR BOOK AND TESTwareABOUT THE TESTABOUT THE REVIEW SECTIONSCORING THE EXAMCONTACTING THE AP PROGRAMAP U.S. HISTORY STUDY SCHEDULEAP UNITED STATES HISTORY COURSE REVIEW 1 The Colonial Period (1500-1763)2 The American Revolution (1763-1787)3 The United States Constitution (1787-1789)4 The New Nation (1789-1824)5 Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1824-1850)6 Sectional Conflict and the Causes of the Civil War (1850-1860)7 The Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1877)8 Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era (1877-1912)9 Wilson and World War I (1912-1920)10 The Roaring Twenties and Economic Collapse (1920-1929)11 The Great Depression and the New Deal (1929-1941)12 World War II and the Post-War Era (1941-1960)13 The New Frontier, Vietnam, and Social Upheaval (1960-1972)14 Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism (1972-2001)AP UNITED STATES HISTORY PRACTICE TESTSTest 1 Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersTest 2Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersTest 3 Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersTest 4 Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersTest 5 Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersTest 6 Answer SheetAnswer KeyDetailed Explanations of AnswersINSTALLING REA's TESTwareTechnical SupportUSING YOUR INTERACTIVE TESTwareAbout Research & Education Association AP US HISTORY EXCERPT ABOUT OUR BOOK AND TESTwareThis book - along with our exclusive AP U.S. History TESTware software - provides an accurate and complete representation of the Advanced Placement Examination in U.S. History. REA's comprehensive course review, frequently cited as the best on the bookshelf, and our six practice exams are based on the format of the latest AP U.S. History Exam. Each of our practice exams includes every type of question that you can expect to encounter when you take the AP exam. Following each REA practice exam is an answer key complete with detailed explanations. Our explanations are designed to contextualize he material so that it will stick with you and thus boost your command of the subject matter and the ins and outs of the AP itself. Our printed practice exams 4, 5, and 6 are also on CD-ROM are part of our interactive AP U.S. History TESTware. Taking the exams on the computer will afford you additional study features and the benefits of enforced timed conditions, individual diagnostic analysis of what subjects need extra study, and instant scoring. For your convenience, our TESTware has been provided for you in both Windows and Macintosh formats. Many features are included that you will find helpful as you prepare for the AP U.S. History Test. See page ix for our study schedule and guidance on how to gain maximum benefits from this book and software package. (For instructions on how to install and use our software, please refer to the appendix at the back of the book.) By studying our review section, completing all six practice exams, and carefully checking the answer explanations, students can discover their strengths and weaknesses and prepare themselves effectively for the actual AP U.S. History Examination. Teachers of AP U.S. History courses will also find REA's book and software to be an excellent resource in the classroom. In fact, many AP instructors use it as a supplementary text because it so comprehensively supports and addresses specific curriculum objectives for the course and exam. Our interactive TESTware software is an outstanding tool to help boost your students' test-taking confidence. For TESTware site-license information, point your Web browser to www.rea.com and click on Teachers' Corner. ABOUT THE TESTThe Advanced Placement Program is designed to allow high school students to pursue college-level studies while attending high school. The three-hour five-minute AP U.S. History exam is usually given to high school students who have completed a year's study in a college-level U.S. History course. The test results are then used to determine the awarding of course credit and/or advanced course placement in college. According to the College Board, students taking this exam are called upon to demonstrate systematic factual knowledge and bring to bear critical, persuasive analysis of the full sweep of U.S. history. This is why we make every effort to establish and build upon context for you, rather than encouraging rote memorization of disconnected facts. The AP U.S. History Exam is divided into two sections: 1) Multiple-Choice: This section is composed of 80 multiple-choice questions designed to gauge your ability to understand and analyze U.S. history from the Colonial period to the present. The majority of the questions, however, are based on 19th- and 20th-century history. This section tests factual knowledge, scope of preparation, and knowledge-based analytical skills. You'll have 55 minutes to complete this section, which accounts for 50 percent of your final grade. 2) Free-Response: This section is composed of three essay questions designed to measure your ability to write coherent, intelligent, well-organized essays on historical topics. The essays require you to demonstrate mastery of historical interpretation and the ability to express views and knowledge in writing. The essays may relate documents to different areas, analyze common themes of different time periods, or compare individual and group experiences which reflect socioeconomic, racial, gender, and ethnic differences. Part A consists of a mandatory 15-minute reading period, followed by 45 minutes during which you must answer a document-based question (DBQ), which changes from year to year. In Part B the student chooses to answer on two of the topics that are given. You will have 70 minutes to write these essays. The free-response section counts for 50 percent of your final grade. These topics are broken down into thirds: - Political Institutions (1/3rd)- Social and Economic Change (1/3rd)- Behavior and Public Policy, Diplomacy and International Relations, Intellectual and Cultural Development (1/3rd) The time periods covered are as follows: - Pre-Colonial through 1789 (1/6th of exam)- 1790-1914 (1/2 of exam)- 1915-present (1/3rd of exam) ABOUT THE REVIEW SECTIONThis book begins with REA's concise yet thorough 230-page review of U.S. history designed to acquaint you with the exam's scope of coverage. Our review covers these topics and historical time periods: - The Colonial Period (1500-1763)- The American Revolution (1763-1787)- The United States Constitution (1787-1789)- The New National (1789-1824)- Jacksonian Democracy and Westward Expansion (1824-1850)- Sectional Conflict and The Causes of the Civil War (1850-1860)- The Civil War and Reconstruction (1860-1877)- Industrialism, War, and the Progressive Era (1877-1912)- Wilson and World War I (1912-1920)- The Roaring Twenties and Economic Collapse (1920-1929)- The Great Depression and the New Deal (1929-1941)- World War II and the Post-War Era (1941-1960)- The New Frontier, Vietnam, and Social Upheaval (1960-1972)- Watergate, Carter, and the New Conservatism (1972-2001) SCORING THE EXAMThe multiple-choice section of the exam is scored by crediting each correct answer with one point and deducting one-fourth of a point for each incorrect answer. You will neither receive a credit nor suffer a deduction for unanswered questions. The free-response essays are graded by instructors and professors from across the country who come together each June for a week of non-stop AP essay grading. Each essay booklet is read and scored by several graders. Each grader provides a score for the individual essays. The DBQ is scored on a scale from 0 to 15, 0 being the lowest and 15 the highest. Each topic-based essay receives a score from 0 to 9. These scores are concealed so that each grader is unaware of the previous graders' assessments. When the essays have been graded completely, the scores are averaged-one score for each essay-so that the free-response section generates three scores. The total weight of the free-response section is 50 percent of the total score. Your work in the multiple-choice section counts for the other 50 percent. Each year, grades fluctuate slightly because the grading scale is adjusted to take into account the performance of the total AP U.S. History test-taker population. When used with the corresponding chart, the scoring method we present here will strongly approximate the score you would receive if you were sitting for the actual AP U.S. History exam. SCORING THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE SECTIONFor the multiple-choice section, use this formula to calculate your raw score: Number right - (number wrong x 1/4) = raw score (round to the nearest whole number) SCORING THE FREE-RESPONSE SECTIONFor the free-response section, use this formula to calculate your raw score: DBQ + Essay #1 + Essay #2 + = raw score (round to the nearest whole number) You may want to give your essays three different grades, such as a 13, 10, and an 8, and then calculate your score three ways: as if you did well, average, and poorly. This will give you a safe estimate of how you will do on the actual exam. Try to be objective about grading your own essays. If possible, have a friend, teacher, or parent grade them for you. Make sure your essays follow all of the AP requirements before you assess the score. The statistical formulations used by the AP Program preclude our REA practice-test scoring system from precisely replicating the procedures and determinations of the AP Program. Bear in mind that the cut-off point between each of the five AP grades typically shifts slightly from year to year. This occurs both because one year's exam cannot be expected to be exactly as difficult as another year's and because no two test-taker groups can be expected to be equally strong. THE COMPOSITE SCORETo obtain your composite score, use this method: 1.13 x multiple choice raw score = weighted multiple-choice score (do not round)2.73 x free response raw score = weighted free response score (do not round) Now, add the two weighted sections together and round to the nearest whole number. The result is your total composite score. See the range within which your score falls on this table to approximate your final grade: AP Grade / Composite Score Range5 / 114-1804 / 91-1133 / 74-902 / 49-731 / 0-48 These overall scores are interpreted as follows: 5-extremely well qualified;4-well qualified; 3-qualified, 2-possibly qualified; and 1-no recommendation. Most colleges grant students who earn a 3 or better either college credit or advanced placement. Check with your high school's guidance office about specific requirements. CONTACTING THE AP PROGRAMProspective examinees should download from the College Entrance Examination Board's Website or request by phone the free bulletin offering a general description of the AP Program, including policies and procedures as well as instructions on how to register for the AP Examination in United States History. Here's how to contact the College Board: Advanced Placement ProgramDept. E-22P.O. Box 6670Princeton, NJ 08541-6670Phone: (609) 771-7300Website: http: //www.collegeboard.com/ap
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