The discovery of fullerenes (also known as buckyballs) has generated tremendous excitement and opened up a new field of carbon chemistry. As the first book available on this topic, this volume will be a landmark reference in the field. Because buckyballs are essentially closed hollow cages made up of carbon atoms, they can be manipulated in a variety of ways to yield never-before-seen materials. The balls can, for instance, be doped with atoms or pulled out into tubules and filled with lead to provide properties of high-temperature superconductivity. Researchers can now create their own buckyballs in a process that is almost as simple as making soot, making this research as inexpensive as it is exotic (which has doubtless contributed to its popularity). Researchers anticipate that fullerenes will offer boundless opportunities in the development of new products, drugs and materials. Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes introduces materials scientists, chemists, and solid state physicists to the field of fullerenes, and discusses the unique properties and applications. both current and future, of all classes of fullerenes. Key Features * First comprehensive resource on fullerenes and their applications * Provides an introduction to the topic * Presents an extensive discussion of current and future applications of Fullerenes * Covers all classes of fullerenes
This is an introductory textbook for graduate students and researchers from various fields of science who wish to learn about carbon nanotubes. The field is still at an early stage, and progress continues at a rapid rate. This book focuses on the basic principles behind the physical properties and gives the background necessary to understand the recent developments. Some useful computational source codes which generate coordinates for carbon nanotubes are also included in the appendix.
The progress of materials science depends on the development of novel materials and the development of novel experimental techniques. The research on graphite intercalation compounds combines both aspects: new compounds with strikingly new and anisotropic properties have been synthesized and analyzed during the past couple of years by means of state-of-the-art experimental methods. At the same time, the preparation of the compounds already known has improved con siderably, giving increased reliability and reproducibility of the experimental results. The high quality experimental data now available have stimulated theo retical work. Moreover, the theoretical work has had a great impact on further experimental studies, with the effect of a much improved understanding of this class of materials. This volume is dedicated to a thorough description of all relevant experimen tal and theoretical aspects of the structural and dynamical properties of graphite intercalation compounds. Because of the large number of topics, a second vol ume, which is now in preparation, will follow and will treat the electronic, transport, magnetic, and optical properties. The second volume will also contain a chapter on applications of graphite intercalation compounds. There have been a number of reviews written on selected aspects of these compounds in various journals and conference proceedings during the last couple of years, but this is the first comprehensive review since the thorough overview provided by M.S. Dresselhaus and G. Dresselhaus appeared ten years ago.
The discovery of fullerenes (also known as buckyballs) has generated tremendous excitement and opened up a new field of carbon chemistry. As the first book available on this topic, this volume will be a landmark reference in the field. Because buckyballs are essentially closed hollow cages made up of carbon atoms, they can be manipulated in a variety of ways to yield never-before-seen materials. The balls can, for instance, be doped with atoms or pulled out into tubules and filled with lead to provide properties of high-temperature superconductivity. Researchers can now create their own buckyballs in a process that is almost as simple as making soot, making this research as inexpensive as it is exotic (which has doubtless contributed to its popularity). Researchers anticipate that fullerenes will offer boundless opportunities in the development of new products, drugs and materials. Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes introduces materials scientists, chemists, and solid state physicists to the field of fullerenes, and discusses the unique properties and applications. both current and future, of all classes of fullerenes. Key Features * First comprehensive resource on fullerenes and their applications * Provides an introduction to the topic * Presents an extensive discussion of current and future applications of Fullerenes * Covers all classes of fullerenes
Featuring contributions from experts at some of the world's leading academic and industrial institutions, Advanced Polymeric Materials: Structure Property Relationships brings into book form a wealth of information previously available primarily only within computer programs. In a welcome narrative treatment, it provides comprehensive coverage of p
Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy starts where conventional books about infrared spectroscopy end. Whereas the latter are based on the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law, the cornerstones of this book are wave optics and dispersion theory. This gap between both levels of theory is bridged to allow a seamless transition from one to the other. Based on these foundations, the reader is able to choose which level of theory is adequate for the particular problem at hand. Advanced topics like 2D correlation analysis, chemometrics and strong coupling are introduced and viewed from a wave optics perspective. Spectral mixing rules are also considered to better understand spectra of heterogeneous samples. Finally, optical anisotropy is examined to allow a better understanding of spectral features due to orientation and orientational averaging. This discussion is based on a 4 x 4 matrix formalism, which is used not only to simulate and analyze complex materials, but also to understand vibrational circular dichroism from a (semi-) classical point of view. Wave Optics in Infrared Spectroscopy is written as a tool to reunite the fragmented field of infrared spectroscopy. It will appeal to chemists, physicists, and chemical/optical engineers. Assists the reader (including those with less physical science backgrounds) in using more of the extensive benefits that infrared spectroscopy can provide by making them better aware and informed about the higher-level theory Built on wave optics and dispersion theory versus the Bouguer-Beer-Lambert law of conventional infrared spectroscopy literature Explains the limits of lower level of theory Provides a thorough introduction to more sophisticated topics, with a smooth transition from lower to higher level theory
This book describes the ultra-short laser–matter interactions from the subtle atomic motion to the generation of extreme pressures inside the bulk of a transparent crystal. It is the successor to Femtosecond Laser–Matter Interactions: Theory, Experiment and Applications (2011). Explanation and experimental verification of the exceptional technique for the phase transformations under high pressure are in the core of the book. The novel phase formation occurs along the unique solid-plasmasolid transformation path: the memory of the initial state is lost after conversion to plasma. New phase forms from chaos during the cooling to the ambient. The pressure-affected material remains detained inside a pristine crystal at the laboratory tabletop. Unique super-dense aluminium and new phases of silicon were created by the confined micro-explosions. The text also describes the recent studies that used the quasi-non-diffracting Bessel beams. The applications comprise the new high-pressure material formation and micromachining. The book is an appealing source for readers interested in the cutting-edge research exploring extreme conditions and creating nanostructures at the laboratory tabletop.
Quantum mechanics is the set of laws of physics which, to the best of our knowledge, provides a complete account of the microworld. One of its chap ters, quantum electrodynamics (QED), is able to account for the quantal phenomena of relevance to daily life (electricity, light, liquids and solids, etc.) with great accuracy. The language of QED, field theory, has proved to be uni versal providing the theoretical basis to describe the behaviour of many-body systems. In particular finite many-body systems (FMBS) like atomic nuclei, metal clusters, fullerenes, atomic wires, etc. That is, systems made out of a small number of components. The properties of FMBS are expected to be quite different from those of bulk matter, being strongly conditioned by quantal size effects and by the dynamical properties of the surface of these systems. The study of the elec tronic and of the collective behaviour (plasmons and phonons) of FMBS and of their interweaving, making use of well established first principle quantum (field theoretical) techniques, is the main subject of the present monograph. The interest for the study of FMBS was clearly stated by Feynman in his address to the American Physical Society with the title "There is plenty of room at the bottom". On this occasion he said among other things: "When we get to the very, very small world - say circuits of seven atoms - we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design" [1].
The theory of surface states underlies our knowledge of the behavior of electrons at solid surfaces, which is of paramount importance in understanding the mechanisms by which solid-state devices operate and catalytic reactions proceed. In this work, the subject is viewed through the "theoretical eye" of a physicist, but the topics are treated in an elementary fashion. The main features of the presentation are its instructive, model-based approach; detailed step-by-step derivations of the equations; smooth progression through the simple wave-function matching techniques to the more sophisticated Green-function methods; and the historical theme, which traces the evolution of the subject from its founding by the Nobel Laureate Igor Tamm in 1932, through the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain, to recent developments. The book will appeal to both theoretical and experimental surface scientists from chemistry, materials science, and electronic engineering.
Based on an established course and covering all the fundamentals, central areas and contemporary topics of this diverse field, Fundamentals of Condensed Matter Physics is a much-needed textbook for graduate students. Coverage of concepts and techniques ensures that both theoretically and experimentally inclined students gain the strong understanding needed for research and teaching.
This textbook is aimed at second-year graduate students in Physics, Electrical Engineering, or Materials Science. It presents a rigorous introduction to electronic transport in solids, especially at the nanometer scale.Understanding electronic transport in solids requires some basic knowledge of Hamiltonian Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Condensed Matter Theory, and Statistical Mechanics. Hence, this book discusses those sub-topics which are required to deal with electronic transport in a single, self-contained course. This will be useful for students who intend to work in academia or the nano/ micro-electronics industry.Further topics covered include: the theory of energy bands in crystals, of second quantization and elementary excitations in solids, of the dielectric properties of semiconductors with an emphasis on dielectric screening and coupled interfacial modes, of electron scattering with phonons, plasmons, electrons and photons, of the derivation of transport equations in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures somewhat at the quantum level, but mainly at the semi-classical level. The text presents examples relevant to current research, thus not only about Si, but also about III-V compound semiconductors, nanowires, graphene and graphene nanoribbons. In particular, the text gives major emphasis to plane-wave methods applied to the electronic structure of solids, both DFT and empirical pseudopotentials, always paying attention to their effects on electronic transport and its numerical treatment. The core of the text is electronic transport, with ample discussions of the transport equations derived both in the quantum picture (the Liouville-von Neumann equation) and semi-classically (the Boltzmann transport equation, BTE). An advanced chapter, Chapter 18, is strictly related to the ‘tricky’ transition from the time-reversible Liouville-von Neumann equation to the time-irreversible Green’s functions, to the density-matrix formalism and, classically, to the Boltzmann transport equation. Finally, several methods for solving the BTE are also reviewed, including the method of moments, iterative methods, direct matrix inversion, Cellular Automata and Monte Carlo. Four appendices complete the text.
Various experimental techniques for point contact production are described. Examples of point-contact spectra are presented for pure metals, alloys and compounds, as well as for semimetals and semiconductors, heavy fermion systems, Kond-lattices, mixed valence compounds and more. Superconducting point contacts are considered in respect to Andreev reflection and Josephson effects. Special attention is paid to contact conductance fluctuation, and new trends of research are outlined.
This is the first comprehensive treatment of the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with solids at nonrelativistic intensity. It connects phenomena from the subtle atomic motion on the nanoscale to the generation of extreme pressure and temperature in the interaction zone confined inside a solid. The femtosecond laser-matter interaction has al
This book describes new trends in the nanoscience of isotopic materials science. Assuming a background in graduate condensed matter physics and covering the fundamental aspects of isotopic materials science from the very beginning, it equips readers to engage in high-level professional research in this area. The book ́s main objective is to provide insight into the question of why solids are the way they are, either because of how their atoms are bonded with one another, because of defects in their structure, or because of how they are produced or processed. Accordingly, it explores the science of how atoms interact, connects the results to real materials properties, and demonstrates the engineering concepts that can be used to produce or improve semiconductors by design. In addition, it shows how the concepts discussed are applied in the laboratory. The book addresses the needs of researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduate students alike. Although primarily written for materials science audience, it will be equally useful to those teaching in electrical engineering, materials science or even chemical engineering or physics curricula. In order to maintain the focus on materials concepts, however, the book does not burden the reader with details of many of the derivations and equations nor does it delve into the details of electrical engineering topics.
Drug resistance is increasing among a variety of human pathogenic microorganisms such as Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumaniii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp. (currently dubbed the 'ESKAPE' pathogens), and has emerged as one of the most important clinical challenges of this century. Increased general awareness and fear of these pathogens means there is a growing demand for research to tackle the threat of multidrug resistance. Documenting the latest research in the field, this book discusses current and promising activities to discover new antimicrobials in five key areas: molecular genetics and systems microbiology; synthetic, computational chemistry and chemoinformatics; High Throughput Screening (HTS); non-vertebrate model hosts; and light- and nano-based technologies.
This edited work contains eight extensive, review-type contributions by leading scientists in the field of synthetic metals. The authors were invited by the organisers of the International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals '98 (ICSM'98) to review the progress of research in the past two decades in a unifying and pedagogical manner. The present work highlights the state-of-the-art of the field and assesses the prospects for future research.
Transcripts of more than seventy-five oral history interviews in which the interviewees assess their MIT experience and reflect on the role of blacks at MIT and beyond. This book grew out of the Blacks at MIT History Project, whose mission is to document the black presence at MIT. The main body of the text consists of transcripts of more than seventy-five oral history interviews, in which the interviewees assess their MIT experience and reflect on the role of blacks at MIT and beyond. Although most of the interviewees are present or former students, black faculty, administrators, and staff are also represented, as are nonblack faculty and administrators who have had an impact on blacks at MIT. The interviewees were selected with an eye to presenting the broadest range of issues and personalities, as well as a representative cross section by time period and category. Each interviewee was asked to discuss family background; education; role models and mentors; experiences of racism and race-related issues; choice of field and career; goals; adjustment to the MIT environment; best and worst MIT experiences; experience with MIT support services; relationships with MIT students, faculty, and staff; advice to present or potential MIT students; and advice to the MIT administration. A recurrent theme is that MIT's rigorous teaching instills the confidence to deal with just about any hurdle in professional life, and that an MIT degree opens many doors and supplies instant credibility. Each interview includes biographical notes and pictures. The book also includes a general introduction, a glossary, and appendixes describing the project's methodology.
Reflecting the growing volume of published work in this field, researchers will find this book an invaluable source of information on current methods and applications.
Diamondoids are cage-like, ultra stable, saturated ringed hydrocarbons, which have a diamond-like structure consisting of a number of six-member carbon rings fused together. Adamantane is the cage compound prototype and the simplest diamondoid molecule. Diamondoids Molecules aims to present these fascinating substances in a novel fashion. The more intriguing facets of diamondoid molecules are comprehensively exposed and discussed, bringing state-of-the-art information to the reader, along with the history, fundamentals and perspectives of diamondoid science and technology. This groundbreaking book, especially devoted to diamondoid molecules, is of critical importance to the global techno-scientific community, and will be of great interest in many research fields such as chemistry, physics, material science, geology, and biological sciences. Moreover, it will attract readers from industrial, government and environmental agencies as well as scholars.
Quite a few excellent books about vibrational spectroscopy have already been published. So why write a new one? The last years have seen the birth of new techniques and, first of all, a wealth of new applications. Therefore, a lot of new users need an introduction to these techniques and applications, but, if they are new to vibrational spectroscopy, an introduction to the parent techniques as well. Vibrational spectroscopies can detect and analyze vibrations in molecules. Mainly two different forms are used today: Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Vibrational spectroscopy is used by chemists to characterize their substances. If the spectra of substances are known, analytical chemists can use them to analyze a mixture of chemicals. Samples may be analyzed even with spatial resolution, on the microscopic as well as on the macroscopic scale. "Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy" is intended for researchers or lecturers in Chemistry, Physics, Materials Science and Life Sciences, who are interested in the composition and properties of their samples. It describes how vibrational spectroscopy will enable them to examine thin layers, surfaces and interfaces, and also improve their knowledge about the properties of composites. Special chapters introduce VCD, ROA, and TERS. The book can serve as a short introduction to vibrational spectroscopy too, so that students at the first graduate level will benefit from it as well.
This is an introductory textbook for graduate students and researchers from various fields of science who wish to learn about carbon nanotubes. The field is still at an early stage, and progress continues at a rapid rate. This book focuses on the basic principles behind the physical properties and gives the background necessary to understand the recent developments. Some useful computational source codes which generate coordinates for carbon nanotubes are also included in the appendix.
Cottam and Tilley provide an introduction to the properties of wave-like excitations associated with surfaces and interfaces. The emphasis is on acoustic, optic and magnetic excitations, and apart from one section on liquid surfaces, the text concentrates on solids. The important topic of superlattices is also discussed, in which the different kinds of excitation are considered from a unified point of view. Throughout the book, the authors are careful to relate theory and experiment and all of the most important experimental techniques are described. The theoretical treatment assumes only a knowledge of undergraduate physics, except for Green function methods that are used in a few sections; these methods are developed in an appendix. The book also contains extensive references, enabling the reader to consult the research and review literature. Each of the main chapters contains problems to allow the reader to develop topics presented in the text.
Identifying thousands of historical fiction novels, biographies, history trade books, CD-ROMs, and videotapes, this book helps you locate resources on American history for students. Each book presents information in two sections. In the first part, titles are listed according to grade levels within eras and further organized according to product type. The books cover American history from North America Before 1600 and The American Colonies, 1600-1774 to The Mid-Twentieth Century, 1946-1975 and Since 1975. The second section has annotated bibliographies that describe each title and includes publication information and awards won. The focus is on books published since 1990, and all have received at least one favorable review. Some books with more illustration than text will be valuable for enticing slow or reticent readers. An index helps users find resources by author, title, or biographical subject.
Industrial Analysis with Vibrational Spectroscopy is an integrated work which emphasises the synergy and complementary nature of the techniques of infrared and Raman spectroscopy in industrial laboratories. The book is written in a pragmatic and straight-forward manner and is illustrated throughout with examples of real-world, everyday problems and applications. It provides a developed, realistic insight into industrial analysis with vibrational spectroscopy for both undergraduate and academic researcher, while additionally providing a straight-forward working tool of value to the industrial laboratory worker.
This book explains different magnetic resonance (MR) techniques and uses different combinations of these techniques to analyze defects in semiconductors and nanostructures. It also introduces novelties such as single defects MR and electron-paramagnetic-resonance-based methods: electron spin echo, electrically detected magnetic resonance, optically detected magnetic resonance and electron-nuclear double resonance – the designated tools for investigating the structural and spin properties of condensed systems, living matter, nanostructures and nanobiotechnology objects. Further, the authors address problems existing in semiconductor and nanotechnology sciences that can be resolved using MR, and discuss past, current and future applications of MR, with a focus on advances in MR methods. The book is intended for researchers in MR studies of semiconductors and nanostructures wanting a comprehensive review of what has been done in their own and related fields of study, as well as future perspectives.
This book discusses the functional ink systems of graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) layered materials in the context of their formulation and potential for various applications, including in electronics, optoelectronics, energy, sensing, and composites using conventional graphics and 3D printing technologies. The authors explore the economic landscape of 2D materials and introduce readers to fundamental properties and production technologies. They also discuss major graphics printing technologies and conventional commercial printing processes that can be used for printing 2D material inks, as well as their specific strengths and weaknesses as manufacturing platforms. Special attention is also paid to scalable production methods for ink formulation, making this an ideal book for students and researchers in academia or industry, who work with functional graphene and other 2D material ink systems and their applications. Explains the state-of-the-art 2D material production technologies that can be manufactured at the industrial scale for functional ink formulation; Provides starting formulation examples of 2D material, functional inks for specific printing methods and their characterization techniques; Reviews existing demonstrations of applications related to printed 2D materials and provides possible future development directions while highlighting current knowledge gaps; Gives a snapshot and forecast of the commercial market for printed GRMs based on the current state of technologies and existing patents.
Global warming is addressed by almost all sciences including many aspects of geosciences, atmospheric, the biological sciences, and even astronomy. It has recently become the concern of other diverse disciplines such as economics, agriculture, demographics and population statistics, medicine, engineering, and political science. This book addresses these complex interactions, integrates them, and derives meaningful conclusions and possible solutions. The text provides an easy-to-read explanation of past and present global climate change, causes and possible solutions to the problem, including the politics and reasons why this is such a politically charged issue.
The first reference on this emerging interdisciplinary research area at the interface between materials science and biomedicine is written by pioneers in the field, who address the requirements, current status and future challenges. Focusing on inherently conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes and graphene, they adopt a systematic approach, covering all relevant aspects and concepts: synthesis and fabrication, properties, introduction of biological function, components of bionic devices and materials requirements. Established bionic devices, such as the bionic ear are examined, as are emerging areas of application, including use of organic bionic materials as conduits for bone re-growth, spinal cord injury repair and muscle regeneration. The whole is rounded off with a look at future prospects in sustainable energy generation and storage. Invaluable reading for materials scientists, polymer chemists, electrotechnicians, chemists, biologists, and bioengineers.
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