The story of the Jewish calendar, which begins with the Exodus from Egypt, is more than thirty-five hundred years old. Over the millennia, the twelve individual Jewish tribes coalesced into the nation of Israel, adopting, adapting, and ultimately developing their own religious calendar, which has withstood the vagaries of the ages. At one time an observational calendar based on the visual sighting of the New Moon, the Jewish calendar is now a sophisticated calculated calendar based on average lunation time, while remaining true to its ancient past. A small council of rabbis guarded the secret instructions for constructing the calendar, until the mid-fourth century CE when, due to repressive acts and ultimate dissolution of the Jewish Court by Roman emperors, Hillel II, President of the Jewish Court in Babylonia, revealed those rules, so that Jews are able to construct their religious calendar. Today, those rules and how to apply them are, in general, neither well known, nor well understood. In The Jewish Calendar: History and Inner Workings, author and award-winning teacher Fred Reiss leads the reader through the history of the Jewish calendar and presents each of the rules, why they were developed, and what they mean. Using simple arithmetic, Reiss teaches how to apply those rules to make a Jewish calendar for any year, past, present, or future. In addition, he shows the associations and linkages among the calendar's various parts. The Jewish Calendar: History and Inner Workings answers such questions as: What is the definition of lunation time? Why have the rabbis condensed seven days into four days? Why is the High Holy Day of Rosh Hashanah often postponed? The civil calendar is either 365 or 366-days long, why does the Jewish calendar have six different year lengths? The Julian calendar repeats every twenty-eight years, the Gregorian calendar every four hundred years, why does it take 689,472 years for the Jewish calendar to repeat? All calendars have errors, what are the Jewish calendar's errors and what do they affect? Are there any ways to mitigate the errors? What are the steps for constructing a Jewish calendar? Each chapter ends with a review and a set of exercises, the answers to which are provided. The Jewish Calendar: History and Inner Workings reveals the structure, content, and interconnections within the calculated Jewish calendar in a format for the casual reader, or as a textbook for self-instruction. It is a valuable resource for understanding the complexity of the Jewish calendar.
Spanning more than a hundred years, Public Education in Camden, N.J.: From Inception to Integration tells the history of one of the oldest and largest school districts in New Jersey. Using vignettes and historical narratives, author Fred Reiss, current assistant superintendent of the Camden Board of Education, tells how the Camden Public Schools survived and thrived through events both mundane and spectacular. Public Education in Camden, N.J.: From Inception to Integration describes and interprets the actions of a board of education throughout a century of history, including: The Civil War era Hostility between the Republican-controlled city and the Democratic-controlled state Peculation and jobbery by board members The World Wars The Great Depression Racism and segregation Using detailed records from many primary sources, Reiss offers a compelling look at the growth and development of an educational board within an historical framework.
The Comprehensive Jewish and Civil Calendars 2001 to 2240, is a revised, expanded, and reformatted version of the author's previous calendar, The Standard Guide to the Jewish and Civil Calendars, 1899 to 2050. At present, the internet hosts numerous websites related to the Jewish calendar, some displaying entire months or even years, while others showing religious dates far into the future. Websites exist that convert Jewish dates into civil dates, and vice versa, and there are smart-phone apps doing the same thing. Yet, there is no single-source website, or app, giving hundreds of years of corresponding Jewish and civil dates side-by-side, allowing for personalization of the calendars, together with important religious and secular holiday information. The Comprehensive Jewish and Civil Calendars 2001 to 2240 furnishes religious, civil, federal, and Israeli holidays, including the North-African Jewish holiday Mimouna; Sigd, the holiday celebrated by Ethiopian Jews; and the most recent Israeli public holiday, Yom Ha-Aliyah, adopted by the Knesset in 2016. Also cited in the calendars are the weekly Torah and haftarah readings, fast days, Rosh Hodesh and the twenty-eight-year Machzor Hagadol celebrations, shemittah and hakhel years, birth and death of Moses and Rebbe, and candle-lighting times. There is ample space to keep notes and a special section to document important family events, such as births, deaths, and marriages. The Comprehensive Jewish and Civil Calendars 2001 to 2240, provides all of these in a single place, and with an easy-to-find and easy-to-read arrangement. The dates for Easter Sunday are presented for civil-planning purposes, and for those wanting to delve deeper into the mathematics of the Jewish calendar, there is a section, Jewish Calendar Statistics, 2001 - 2240, listing Jewish-year lengths and year number within the nineteen-year cycle, the Jewish-calendar cycle number, and the non-postponed molad of Rosh Hashanah by Jewish year, making The Comprehensive Jewish and Civil Calendars 2001 to 2240, an indispensable reference and resource.
Spanning more than a hundred years, Public Education in Camden, N.J.: From Inception to Integration tells the history of one of the oldest and largest school districts in New Jersey. Using vignettes and historical narratives, author Fred Reiss, current assistant superintendent of the Camden Board of Education, tells how the Camden Public Schools survived and thrived through events both mundane and spectacular. Public Education in Camden, N.J.: From Inception to Integration describes and interprets the actions of a board of education throughout a century of history, including: The Civil War era Hostility between the Republican-controlled city and the Democratic-controlled state Peculation and jobbery by board members The World Wars The Great Depression Racism and segregation Using detailed records from many primary sources, Reiss offers a compelling look at the growth and development of an educational board within an historical framework.
A great deal of research has been carried out on this important class of compounds in the last ten years. To ensure that scientists are kept up to date, the editors of the First Edition of The Lipid Handbook have completely reviewed and extensively revised their highly successful original work. The Lipid Handbook: Second Edition is an indispensable resource for anyone working with oils, fats, and related substances.
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