Donald Trump's 2016 victory shocked the world, but his appeals to the economic discontent of the white working class should not be so surprising, as stagnant wages for the many have been matched with skyrocketing incomes for the few. Though Trump received high levels of support from the white working class, once in office, the newly elected billionaire president appointed a cabinet with a net worth greater than one-third of American households combined. Furthermore, he pursued traditionally conservative tax, welfare state and regulatory policies, which are likely to make economic disparities worse. Nevertheless, income inequality has grown over the last few decades almost regardless of who is elected to the presidency and congress. There is a growing consensus among scholars that one of the biggest drivers of income inequality in the United States is government activity (or inactivity). Just as the New Deal and Great Society programs played a key role in leveling income distribution from the 1930s through the 1970s, federal policy since then has contributed to expanding inequality. Growing inequality bolsters the resources of the wealthy leading to greater influence over policy, and it contributes to partisan polarization. Both prevent the passage of policy to address inequality, creating a continuous feedback loop of growing inequality. The authors of this book argue that it is therefore misguided to look to the federal government, as citizens have tended to do since the New Deal, to lead on economic policy to "fix" inequality. In fact, they argue that throughout American history, during periods of rapid economic change the federal government has been stymied by the federal institutional design created by the Constitution. The winners of economic change have taken advantage of veto points to prevent change that would address the problems experienced by the losers of major economic change. Even the New Deal, in many ways the model of federal policy activism, was largely borrowed from policies created in the state "laboratories of democracy" in the preceding years and decades. The authors argue that in the current crisis of growing inequality we are seeing a similar dynamic and demonstrate that many states are actively addressing economic inequality. William Franko and Christopher Witko argue that the states that will address inequality are not necessarily those with the greatest objective inequality, but those where citizens are aware of growing inequality, where left-leaning politicians hold power, where unions are strong, and where the presence of direct democracy allow for more majoritarian public policy outcomes. In the empirical chapters Franko and Witko examine how these factors have shaped policies that boosted incomes at the bottom (the minimum wage and the Earned Income Tax Credit) and reduce incomes at the top (with top marginal tax rates) between 1987 and 2010. The authors argue that, if history is a guide, increasingly egalitarian policies at the state level will spread to other states and, eventually, to the federal level, setting the stage for a more equitable future.
This analysis of how the ability to participate in society online affects political and economic opportunity finds that technology use matters in wages and income and civic participation and voting.
Globalization & Crime brings together the closely related subjects of criminology and global sociology. Ideal for upper-level undergraduate and postgraduate students, it examines established topics such as human trafficking and smuggling, migration and organised crime. It also delves into new territory and explores the issues surrounding international criminal justice, comparative criminology, green criminology and human rights. New to this Second Edition is a chapter dedicated to the impact that the war on terror has had on the rule of law and a detailed discussion on the growing topic of cosmopolitan criminology. Complete with extensive references, helpful suggestions for further reading and a detailed glossary, this book will prove essential reading for students and academics in criminology, globalization, sociology and other social sciences. The Key Approaches to Criminology series celebrates the removal of traditional barriers between disciplines and, specifically, reflects criminology’s interdisciplinary nature and focus. It brings together some of the leading scholars working at the intersections of criminology and related subjects. Each book in the series helps readers to make intellectual connections between criminology and other discourses, and to understand the importance of studying crime and criminal justice within the context of broader debates. The series is intended to have appeal across the entire range of undergraduate and postgraduate studies and beyond, comprising books which offer introductions to the fields as well as advancing ideas and knowledge in their subject areas.
Applying media and communication studies to sentencing and penal culture, Franko Aas offers a lucid and innovative account of how punishment is adjusting to a new cultural climate.
Thoroughly revised and updated, this foundational text provides the basic economic tools for students to understand the problems facing the countries of Latin America. In the fourth edition, Patrice Franko analyzes challenges to the neoliberal model of development and highlights recent macroeconomic changes in the region. Including charts and tables with the most current data available, the book also offers a wealth of new boxed discussions and vignettes.
This textbook bridges the gap between university courses on electrodynamics and the knowledge needed to successfully address the problem of electrodynamics of metamaterials. It appeals to both experimentalists and theoreticians who are interested in the physical basics of metamaterials and plasmonics. Focusing on qualitative fundamental treatment as opposed to quantitative numerical treatment, it covers the phenomena of artificial magnetization at high frequencies, and discusses homogenization procedures and the basics of quantum dynamics in detail. By considering different phenomena it creates a self-consistent qualitative picture to explain most observable phenomena. This allows readers to develop a better understanding of the concepts, and helps to create a conceptual approach, which is especially important in educational contexts. This clearly written book includes problems and solutions for each chapter, which can be used for seminars and homework, as well as qualitative models that are helpful to students.
Provides the basic economic tools for students to understand the problems in the countries of Latin America. This third edition analyzes challenges to the neoliberal model of development and highlights macroeconomic changes in the region. It explores the contradictions of growth, and focuses on factors of competitiveness.
Inhabitants of Medellín, Colombia, suffered from the war-like violence perpetrated by drug cartels and other actors in the 1980s and 1990s; thousands died, including innocent civilians, judges, and journalists, many more were injured and left with psychological trauma. Three decades later, however, transnational audio-visual corporations such as Netflix have transformed the traumatic memories into entertainment and the main perpetrator, Pablo Escobar, was converted into a brand. While global audiences learn about Escobar's life and myth, his victims's stories fade into oblivion. Victimhood, Memory, and Consumerism: Profiting from Pablo documents the story of violence that took place in Medellín and critically examines the position of its victims. Drawing on unique empirical material, the book addresses the consequences of commercial exploitation of the city's violent past for victims of mass drug violence, and for the present nature of the city. To demonstrate the magnitude of the profits made from the legacy of Pablo Escobar, the authors cover a range of topics. Firstly, they describe how the immense popularity of narco-series has caused the city's suffering to be appropriated by commercial forces to entertain global audiences; secondly, they detail the Escobar tours, souvenirs, and artefacts offered by Medellín's tourist industry; and, finally, they expose the less visible profits made by political and social actors who engage in the global mythmaking surrounding Escobar. Through interviews with those directly affected by drug violence, the authors show that these cultural forces have immediate symbolic and material consequences. Victimhood, Memory, and Consumerism offers a telling critique of how the global market economy allots uneven narrative power to those engaged in processes of collective memory construction, with the broader aim of addressing an issue that has so far been neglected within criminology, international criminal justice, and victimology: the position of victims of large-scale drug violence. A thoroughly compelling read, this volume will appeal internationally to academics in criminology and victimology, as well as those interested in critical perspectives on Netflix, commercialism, and Colombian history.
Now in its third edition, Globalization & Crime provides students with a comprehensive overview of the essential themes and conceptual debates surrounding globalization and global criminology. It examines established topics such as human trafficking and smuggling, migration and organised crime. But also explores modern issues such as the refugee crisis in Europe, cyber-hacking and enforcement, and the failure of Internet Service Providers to take responsibility for online content. The third edition has been significantly updated with new content and examples, along with modern case studies, such as the political context surrounding the development of ISIS, organ trafficking, and an anti-globalization backlash in the UK and US. It also features two new chapters: ‘Global Ecological Destruction’ – An investigation into the development of environmental criminology, and ‘Towards a Cosmopolitan Criminology?’ – An overview of the possibilities for establishing a global criminology and coverage of the emerging issues to consider for the future. Ideal reading for undergraduate and postgraduate students of criminology, globalization and sociology.
The Puzzle of Twenty-First-Century Globalization explores the opportunities and challenges of our international economic system. Patrice Franko and Stephen Stamos clearly trace how the ways we produce, finance, and trade goods and services are profoundly shaped by technologies of communication, transportation, and trade. Globalization encourages hyper-specialization—lavishly rewarding those with the skill sets to serve the global marketplace and punishing those poorly positioned to compete. Globalized systems have created great prosperity—along with instability, vulnerability, and backlash. Few genuinely understand the complex underpinnings of our international economic system—and these specialists tend to operate in isolated silos of finance, trade, and production. But without appreciating how systems come together, we cannot explain political reactions against the costs of globalization such as the Brexit vote or the rise of Donald Trump. We don’t value the changing geo-economic importance of the developing world nor the deep threat to ecosystems. This book is the first to emphasize the interrelated economic aspects of globalization from an interdisciplinary perspective. By placing an introduction to trade, finance, and multinational production in the same text that discusses the changing role of developing countries and the challenges to the environment, the authors provide the novice with the basics to understand the global economy while also challenging advanced students to appreciate global connectivity. Closing the knowledge gap in international economics, the authors present the historical context, interdisciplinary grounding, and competing political perspectivesneededto encourage sound critical thinking around contemporary globalization. They provide the essential global economic tools to equip all readers to make decisions that may foster a fairer, more sustainable global system.
Role of Japans multinational enterprises, management, competition - industrial production, marketing, research and development, electronics industry, microelectronics, iron and steel industry, synthetic textile fibres, textile industry. Bibliography, graphs, statistical tables.
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