In September 1941, I was born in Terre Haute, Indiana. I completed elementary and secondary schools there and then in 1963 graduated with a bachelor of science degree from Indiana State College. After serving as a logistics officer for five years in the military, I worked for Ford Motor Company in Detroit, Michigan, and later for Indiana National Bank in Indianapolis, Indiana. In the 1970s, I earned master of business administration, master of science, and doctorate of philosophy degrees, and since the late 1970s, I have taught classes in economics, statistics, and business administration to undergraduate and graduate students at various American colleges and universities. Besides teaching, I have also authored articles and books about the business, economics, and operations of leagues and their franchises in professional team sports. For activities, I became a reader of Advanced Placement examinations, an investor, and a distance runner. Being a competitive and dedicated athlete, I played varsity baseball and basketball while in high school and college, and performed as an all-star catcher and pitcher in Little League and on championship teams in Babe Ruth and Connie Mack Leagues. At a baseball tryout camp for major league prospects held in Columbus, Ohio, I tried but unfortunately did not play well enough to sign a contract with a professional team. As a student, I usually earned good to excellent grades in many subjects and, in fact, was salutatorian of my class at Gerstmeyer High School. Then I graduated with an accounting degree at Indiana State College (now University), master's degrees at two universities, and a PhD in economics at Georgia State University. To achieve academically at these schools, I disciplined myself to attend lectures, complete all assignments, conscientiously study my notes and textbooks, and maximize scores on examinations and class projects. Indeed, my accomplishments as a student in high school and colleges and universities led to a career in higher education. Between the late 1970s and 2007, I was a teacher and author who taught several types of economics and business administration courses to undergraduate and graduate students at accredited schools in Georgia, Florida, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina. In addition, I was a classroom instructor with the University of Maryland in Germany. The articles I wrote appeared in journals, magazines, and newspapers while my books analyzed the business, economics, finance, and operations of leagues and teams in professional baseball, basketball, football, ice hockey, and soccer. Besides these experiences, I was a captain in the United States Air Force and stationed for one year in South Vietnam. Furthermore, I trained as a long-distance runner, won many age-group awards, and competed in five marathons, including races in Boston and New York City. After 35 years of fulltime teaching, I retired from Pfeiffer University in Charlotte, North Carolina. I currently live in Tega Cay, South Carolina.
How did the professional baseball, basketball, football, and hockey leagues become the most successful sports organizations in the United States? Jozsa investigates the major leagues' histories with unparalleled depth and rigorous economic analysis. He marshals relevant data, facts, statistics that measure the performance of professional sports teams and players, the strategies of franchise owners, and the loyalties of fans. Delineating the development, maturation, and revitalization of the leagues throughout the 20th century, he highlights significant events and reforms of the era and discusses the future of sports leagues in the marketplace. Sports fanatics, casual fans, professional coaches and players, journalists, economists, administrators, and owners will discover a goldmine of information in this unique volume. Readers will learn about key owners, investors, coaches, managers, and players of teams that won divisions, conference titles, and league championships from the 1950s through the 1990s. The book includes information on attendance, operating incomes, payrolls, win-loss percentages, and the estimated market value of individual teams. Specific franchise owners are noted for their wealth and success factors. The author also predicts that league commissioners, franchise owners, local business and community leaders, and government officials will be forced to bargain in good faith and compromise on the question of whether to use taxpayer money to invest in sports facilities.
This book analyzes and highlights the development and success of major league baseball teams in the National League and the American League, focusing on each team’s performance in seasons and postseasons and to what extent each succeeded as a business enterprise despite competition for market share from other types of entertainment. The book discusses historical and financial information about the 30 major league franchises. Each chapter contains two core themes—Team Performances and Franchise Business. The former highlights which and how teams won division and league championships and World Series while the latter lists and compares financial data including their revenue, gate receipts, and operating income and describes interesting business topics. Each chapter also provides an overview of when each franchise organized and why it joined MLB, a brief profile of its current majority owner or ownership group, records of teams’ special coaches and players, attendances at home games, and how their ballparks rank as a venue for fans. Baseball Business explains why particular teams located in large, midsized, or small markets win more games and titles than others and when and how frequently that occurs. Furthermore, it provides ways to compare franchises’ financial success individually, by division, and by league. By linking and comparing the historical performances of MLB teams to financial information about them as business organizations, this book offers a unique contribution to the literature on the sports industry.
This book examines the development and organization of the NBA and its clubs, how each club has performed in seasons and postseasons, and to what extent each has prospered and succeeded as a business enterprise despite competition for market share from other types of entertainment. Each chapter contains two core themes—Team Performance and Franchise Business. The former highlights how teams won division and conference titles and NBA championships while the latter analyzes and compares financial data including revenue, gate receipts, and operating income. The book also explores such things as when each franchise organized and why it joined the NBA, a brief profile of its current majority owner or ownership group, records of teams’ special coaches and players, attendances at home games, and how their arenas rank as venues for fans. This book explains why particular teams located in very large, large, midsized, or small markets win more games and titles than others and when and how frequently this occurs. In addition, it provides ways to individually—and by division or conference—compare basketball franchises from a financial perspective.
This brief analyzes each of the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises in the National League and their past regular-season and postseason records and financial performances while operating as competitive, popular, and profitable or unprofitable enterprises. Using sport-specific information and relevant demographic, economic, and financial data, this brief will highlight when and how well these MLB teams performed and the financial status and significance of their organization as a member of an elite professional baseball league. The brief also investigates the success of teams in terms of wins and losses based on home attendance at their ballparks, market value, and revenue. Furthermore, it compares the history, productivity, and prosperity of the franchises among rivals in their division like the Atlanta Braves and New York Mets in the National League East Division, Chicago Cubs and Cincinnati Reds in the Central Division, and Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants in the West Division. This brief will be on interest to practitioners and scholars who research the sports industry, college and university professors who teach undergraduate and graduate students majoring in sports administration, business, economics and management, and fans of the sport.
In 1973, Roberto Clemente was honored as the first baseball player born outside the continental U.S. to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. Born in Carolina, Puerto Rico, the former Pittsburgh Pirate amassed 3,000 career hits and 240 home runs. Since then, eight more international players of Major League Baseball have been voted into the Hall of Fame, including recent inductees Roberto Alomar (Puerto Rico) and Bert Blyleven (Netherlands). These Hall of Famers are but a few of the many non-native players who have contributed significantly to Major League Baseball, dating all the way back to 1876 and up to the present. Baseball beyond Borders: From Distant Lands to the Major Leagues not only examines the careers of foreign-born and Puerto Rican baseball players, but also goes beyond the players to look at managers, executives, coaches, and officials of Major League Baseball, as well. This book explores the impact and performances of these individuals on MLB and the minor leagues, and their contributions to the expansion and popularity of American baseball in the U.S. and around the world. Baseball beyond Borders offers a historical perspective of when, why, and how emigrants came to play professional baseball in the U.S. and also provides background information on baseball in foreign countries, baseball leagues outside the U.S., and the academies run by MLB on foreign soil. Featuring photographs, statistics, and bios, this unique book presents a comprehensive look at the impact players and staff born outside the U.S. have had on baseball—both in the U.S. and beyond. Baseball fans and sports historians will enjoy reading Baseball beyond Borders, as will anyone wishing to learn more about the influence of foreigners on America’s national pastime.
During the second half of the twentieth century, Major League Baseball and its affiliated minor leagues evolved from local and regional entities governing the play of America's favorite pastime to national business organizations. The relocation of teams, league expansion, the advent of free agency and an influx of international players has made baseball big business, on an increasingly global scale. Focusing on the last fifty years, this work examines the past and present commercial elements of organized baseball, emphasizing the dual roles--competitive sport and profitable business--which the sport must now fulfill. Twenty-five essays cover five areas integral to the economic side of baseball: business and finance, human resources, international relations, management and leadership and sports marketing. Detailed discussions of the redistribution of revenues, the history of player unionization, aggressive global marketing, strategies of franchise owners and an evaluation of fan costs, among other topics introduce the reader to the important issues and specific challenges professional baseball faces in an increasingly crowded--yet geographically expansive--sports marketplace. The work is also indexed.
The book focuses on how, when, where and why the US-based professional sports leagues extend their brands and penetrate markets in nations across the globe. The book examines the strategies, progress and expectations of each league despite the cultural, economic and political barriers that exist between and within countries and areas. It offers a model of the sports business and, where appropriate, the emergence, evolution and growth of prominent women's sports leagues are documented. This book is unique as there are no other academic publications that study and report the global ambitions of this special group of organizations in one volume. Readers such as college and university sports history, management, marketing and international business professors, students and researchers can use and apply the book, as either a teaching supplement, reference and/or literature source. It will also appeal to targeted groups beyond the academic community with strategic economic incentives to learn about sports capitalism, such as sports entrepreneurs and league officials.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is widely recognized as an entertaining and innovative league whose teams play regular season and postseason games in packed arenas at home and away sites in the United States and Canada. This book discusses the development, growth, and success of the 61-year-old NBA from a business perspective. Covering the late 1940s to 2009, it focuses on the league's expansions and mergers, team territories and relocations, franchise organizations and operations, basketball arenas and markets, and NBA domestic and international affairs. Readers will gain an insight into when, how, and why the NBA emerged, reformed, and gradually matured to become one of the world's most dominant, prosperous, and popular professional sports organizations today.
For several decades in America, athletic programs in colleges and universities received financial support and resources primarily from their respective schools and such sources as alumni and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). More recently, however, college coaches assigned to athletic departments and the presidents and marketing or public relations officials of schools organize, initiate, and participate in fund-raising campaigns and thus obtain a portion of revenue for their sports programs from local, regional and national businesses, and from other private donors, groups, and organizations. Because of this inflow of assets and financial capital, intercollegiate athletic budgets and types of sports expanded and in turn, these programs became increasingly important, popular, and reputable as revenue and cost centers within American schools of higher education.
The National Football League (NFL) is the most influential, popular, and prosperous professional sports league in America. As such this book focuses on the development and maturity of the organization and its members, but most importantly, how each of them performed in seasons and postseasons and then to what extent they have succeeded as a business enterprise despite competition for market share from other types of entertainment. Each chapter contains two core themes as sections—Team Performances and Franchise Business. The former highlights which and how teams won division and conference titles and championships like Super Bowls while the latter lists and compares financial data including their revenue, gate receipts, and operating income. By linking and comparing the historical performances of NFL teams to financial information about them as business organizations, this book provides a unique contribution to the literature on the sports industry. This book connects franchise popularity and all-time records with recent estimated market value, net worth, and other financial data. In sum, National Football League Franchises explains why particular teams located in large, midsized, or small markets win more games and titles than others. In addition, it provides ways to individually, and by division and/or conference, to compare teams from a financial perspective.
This study considers the importance of location for new and relocated major league franchises in the more than 130 years since the National League was founded. Included are an analysis of market differences and similarities, team performances and demographics and area economic comparisons. Market data are used to predict future expansions and relocations of major league teams.
This interesting book discusses the emergence and development of five extremely popular team sports OCo baseball, basketball, football-soccer, ice hockey and cricket OCo since the 1800s in 15 different countries. It addresses some of the most provocative, recent and unique economic and business issues associated with team sports in the various nations. For example, to what extent has each of these spectator sports prospered as industries, and will they expand into other regions of the world during the early to mid-2000s? This book answers these questions, and compares the performances of each country''s amateur, semiprofessional and/or professional sports leagues and their respective teams by providing detailed statistics and other relevant historical information.
Recent polls have placed football ahead of baseball in popularity. Does this reflect football's rise or baseball's decline? Why has the national pastime--a title perhaps becoming inaccurate--fallen behind other major sports? Is the trend reversible? This book identifies the most substantial and persistent issues that have impaired Major League Baseball's development. Chapters cover inflationary player, team and game costs; changes in baseball's fan base; congestion in urban areas that host big league ballclubs; the negligent and irrational actions (some of it criminal) of players, owners, league officials, and the players' union; and the maldistribution of power among the major league franchises. Six major reforms needed to boost the popularity of baseball are identified.
The National Basketball Association (NBA) is widely recognized as an entertaining and innovative league whose teams play regular season and postseason games in packed arenas at home and away sites in the United States and Canada. This book discusses the development, growth, and success of the 61-year-old NBA from a business perspective. Covering the late 1940s to 2009, it focuses on the league's expansions and mergers, team territories and relocations, franchise organizations and operations, basketball arenas and markets, and NBA domestic and international affairs. Readers will gain an insight into when, how, and why the NBA emerged, reformed, and gradually matured to become one of the world's most dominant, prosperous, and popular professional sports organizations today.
In the business of professional league sports, market conditions are the key determinate of the financial success or failure of a team. In the last few years, major league sports has experienced both growth into new markets and relocations of existing teams. Owners and the leagues use demographics, economic data, and governmental support to decide on where and when to expand and relocate. This book examines the sports business from 1950 through 2000. Historical demographic, economic, and team-related data provide the context. The authors apply metropolitan area statistics such as population growth and income, game attendance, and estimated market values to examine the business decisions made by individual teams in professional baseball, football, and basketball. The book looks at specific teams in terms of their long-term viability as a franchise and ranks their performances in economic and business terms. It also examines the related issues of taxpayer subsidies for new venues and the economic impact of professional sports on cities and regions. The book is a fascinating and comprehensive look at the business of sports and its place in American society, business, and economics.
This brief analyzes each of the Major League Baseball (MLB) franchises in the American League, their past regular-season and postseason records and financial performances while operating as competitive, popular, and profitable or unprofitable enterprises. Using sport-specific information and relevant demographic, economic, and financial data, this brief will highlight when and how well these MLB teams performed and the financial status and significance of their organization as a member of an elite professional baseball league. The brief also investigates the success of teams in terms of wins and losses based on home attendance at their ballparks, market value, and revenue. Furthermore, it compares the history, productivity, and prosperity of the franchises among rivals in their division like the Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees in the American League East Division, Chicago White Sox and Detroit Tigers in the Central Division, and Oakland Athletics and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the West Division. This brief will be of interest to practitioners and scholars who research the sports industry, college and university professors who teach undergraduate and graduate students majoring in sports administration, business, economics and management, and fans of the sport.
Football may be sport, but the National Football League is at heart a business--how else to account for the stratospheric salaries of the players and coaches? Yet most people are unaware of how that business developed. This book details the growth of an industry that generates billions of dollars in revenue and explains the intricacies of the league's expansions and mergers, territories and relocations; the operation of franchises; the role of stadiums and markets; and the effect of the NFL on domestic and foreign affairs.
Football may be sport, but the National Football League is at heart a business--how else to account for the stratospheric salaries of the players and coaches? Yet most people are unaware of how that business developed. This book details the growth of an industry that generates billions of dollars in revenue and explains the intricacies of the league's expansions and mergers, territories and relocations; the operation of franchises; the role of stadiums and markets; and the effect of the NFL on domestic and foreign affairs.
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