Presenting the latest coverage of the fundamentals and applications of nanofibrous materials and their structures for graduate students and researchers, this book bridges the communication gap between fiber technologists and materials scientists and engineers. Featuring intensive coverage of electroactive, bioactive and structural nanofibers, it provides a comprehensive collection of processing conditions for electrospinning and includes recent advances in nanoparticle-/nanotube-based nanofibers. The book also covers mechanical properties of fibers and fibrous assemblies, as well as characterization methods.
During the past two decades the gravitational asymptotic safety scenario has undergone a major transition from an exotic possibility to a serious contender for a realistic theory of quantum gravity. It aims at a mathematically consistent quantum description of the gravitational interaction and the geometry of spacetime within the realm of quantum field theory, which keeps its predictive power at the highest energies. This volume provides a self-contained pedagogical introduction to asymptotic safety, and introduces the functional renormalization group techniques used in its investigation, along with the requisite computational techniques. The foundational chapters are followed by an accessible summary of the results obtained so far. It is the first detailed exposition of asymptotic safety, providing a unique introduction to quantum gravity and it assumes no previous familiarity with the renormalization group. It serves as an important resource for both practising researchers and graduate students entering this maturing field.
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps are often found in high power lighting applications, such as car head lights, video projectors, or stadium lights. The characteristics of such discharges are mainly determined by the plasma in the near-cathode region. This work investigates the near-cathode region with fluid dynamic and kinetic methods. The kinetic model, which is solved by expanding the heavy particle distribution functions into Hermite and Laguerre polynomials, proves to be more powerful and accurate.
Presenting the latest coverage of the fundamentals and applications of nanofibrous materials and their structures for graduate students and researchers, this book bridges the communication gap between fiber technologists and materials scientists and engineers. Featuring intensive coverage of electroactive, bioactive and structural nanofibers, it provides a comprehensive collection of processing conditions for electrospinning and includes recent advances in nanoparticle-/nanotube-based nanofibers. The book also covers mechanical properties of fibers and fibrous assemblies, as well as characterization methods.
This book gives a concise introduction to the basic techniques needed for the theoretical analysis of the Maxwell Equations, and filters in an elegant way the essential parts, e.g., concerning the various function spaces needed to rigorously investigate the boundary integral equations and variational equations. The book arose from lectures taught by the authors over many years and can be helpful in designing graduate courses for mathematically orientated students on electromagnetic wave propagation problems. The students should have some knowledge on vector analysis (curves, surfaces, divergence theorem) and functional analysis (normed spaces, Hilbert spaces, linear and bounded operators, dual space). Written in an accessible manner, topics are first approached with simpler scale Helmholtz Equations before turning to Maxwell Equations. There are examples and exercises throughout the book. It will be useful for graduate students and researchers in applied mathematics and engineers working in the theoretical approach to electromagnetic wave propagation.
There are only few discoveries and new technologies in physical sciences that have the potential to dramatically alter and revolutionize our electronic world. Topological insulators are one of them. The present book for the first time provides a full overview and in-depth knowledge about this hot topic in materials science and condensed matter physics. Techniques such as angle-resolved photoemission spectrometry (ARPES), advanced solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) or scanning-tunnel microscopy (STM) together with key principles of topological insulators such as spin-locked electronic states, the Dirac point, quantum Hall effects and Majorana fermions are illuminated in individual chapters and are described in a clear and logical form. Written by an international team of experts, many of them directly involved in the very first discovery of topological insulators, the book provides the readers with the knowledge they need to understand the electronic behavior of these unique materials. Being more than a reference work, this book is essential for newcomers and advanced researchers working in the field of topological insulators.
This volume contains papers presented at the Third International Conference on Computing and Information, ICCI '91, held at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, May 27-29, 1991. The conference was organized by the School of Computer Science at Carleton University, and was sponsored by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and Carleton University. ICCI '91 was an international forum for the presentation of original results in research, development, and applications in computing and information processing. The conference was aimed at both practitioners and theoreticians, and was organized into five streams: - Algorithms and complexity, - Databases and information systems, - Parallel processing and systems, - Distributed computing and systems, - Expert systems, artificial intelligence. This volume contains three invited papers, by E.C.R. Hehner, R.L. Probert, and S.J. Smith, and 71 selected papers.
Many mathematicians, scientists, and engineers are familiar with the Fast Fourier Transform, a method based upon the Discrete Fourier Transform. Perhaps not so many mathematicians, scientists, and engineers recognize that the Discrete Fourier Transform is one of a family of symbolic formulae called Sinc methods. Sinc methods are based upon the Sinc function, a wavelet-like function replete with identities which yield approximations to all classes of computational problems. Such problems include problems over finite, semi-infinite, or infinite domains, problems with singularities, and boundary layer problems. Written by the principle authority on the subject, this book introduces Sinc methods to the world of computation. It serves as an excellent research sourcebook as well as a textbook which uses analytic functions to derive Sinc methods for the advanced numerical analysis and applied approximation theory classrooms. Problem sections and historical notes are included.
This book is intended to provide a reasonably self-contained account of a major portion of the general theory of rings and modules suitable as a text for introductory and more advanced graduate courses. We assume the famil iarity with rings usually acquired in standard undergraduate algebra courses. Our general approach is categorical rather than arithmetical. The continuing theme of the text is the study of the relationship between the one-sided ideal structure that a ring may possess and the behavior of its categories of modules. Following a brief outline of set-theoretic and categorical foundations, the text begins with the basic definitions and properties of rings, modules and homomorphisms and ranges through comprehensive treatments of direct sums, finiteness conditions, the Wedderburn-Artin Theorem, the Jacobson radical, the hom and tensor functions, Morita equivalence and duality, de composition theory of injective and projective modules, and semi perfect and perfect rings. In this second edition we have included a chapter containing many of the classical results on artinian rings that have hdped to form the foundation for much of the contemporary research on the representation theory of artinian rings and finite dimensional algebras. Both to illustrate the text and to extend it we have included a substantial number of exercises covering a wide spectrum of difficulty. There are, of course" many important areas of ring and module theory that the text does not touch upon.
Over the past ten years, a number of new large-scale oceanographic programs have been initiated. These include the Climate Variability Program (CLIVAR) and the recent initiation of the Geochemical Trace Metal Program (GEOTRACES). These studies and future projects will produce a wealth of information on the biogeochemistry of the world's oceans. Aut
How much does it weigh?" seems a simple question. To scientists and engineers, however, the answer is far from simple, and determining the answer demands consideration of an almost overwhelming number of factors. With an intriguing blend of history, fundamentals, and technical details, the Handbook of Mass Measurement sets forth the details
Presents some gratuitous generalities on scientific method as it relates to diffusion theory. This book defines Brownian motion by the characterization of P Levy, and then constructed in three basic ways and these are proved to be equivalent in the appropriate sense.
This book is the result of our teaching over the years an undergraduate course on Linear Optimal Systems to applied mathematicians and a first-year graduate course on Linear Systems to engineers. The contents of the book bear the strong influence of the great advances in the field and of its enormous literature. However, we made no attempt to have a complete coverage. Our motivation was to write a book on linear systems that covers finite dimensional linear systems, always keeping in mind the main purpose of engineering and applied science, which is to analyze, design, and improve the performance of phy sical systems. Hence we discuss the effect of small nonlinearities, and of perturbations of feedback. It is our on the data; we face robustness issues and discuss the properties hope that the book will be a useful reference for a first-year graduate student. We assume that a typical reader with an engineering background will have gone through the conventional undergraduate single-input single-output linear systems course; an elementary course in control is not indispensable but may be useful for motivation. For readers from a mathematical curriculum we require only familiarity with techniques of linear algebra and of ordinary differential equations.
This book is a comprehensive explanation of graph and model transformation. It contains a detailed introduction, including basic results and applications of the algebraic theory of graph transformations, and references to the historical context. Then in the main part the book contains detailed chapters on M-adhesive categories, M-adhesive transformation systems, and multi-amalgamated transformations, and model transformation based on triple graph grammars. In the final part of the book the authors examine application of the techniques in various domains, including chapters on case studies and tool support. The book will be of interest to researchers and practitioners in the areas of theoretical computer science, software engineering, concurrent and distributed systems, and visual modelling.
Completely updated, the sixth edition provides engineers with an in-depth look at the key concepts in the field. It incorporates new discussions on emerging areas of heat transfer, discussing technologies that are related to nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and alternative energy. The example problems are also updated to better show how to apply the material. And as engineers follow the rigorous and systematic problem-solving methodology, they'll gain an appreciation for the richness and beauty of the discipline.
Chemical Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems reviews the processes that control the distribution and impacts of chemical substances discharged into freshwater aquatic environments. The book focuses on the relationships between chemical emissions and the resulting ambient concentration in water, sediments, fish, benthos, plants, and other components of real aquatic ecosystems. Hydrodynamics, sediment dynamics, chemical fate processes, bioaccumulation, and food-chain transfer are major topics discussed in the book. Case studies and models are used to illustrate how quantitative predictions of chemical dynamics and behavior in the aquatic environment can be made. Chemical Dynamics in Freshwater Ecosystems is an excellent reference for aquatic toxicologists, wildlife toxicologists, wildlife biologists, environmental chemists, governmental regulators, environmental modelers, consultants, and students studying the effects of chemicals on aquatic environments.
This open access book provides a concise explanation of the fundamentals and background of the surround sound recording and playback technology Ambisonics. It equips readers with the psychoacoustical, signal processing, acoustical, and mathematical knowledge needed to understand the inner workings of modern processing utilities, special equipment for recording, manipulation, and reproduction in the higher-order Ambisonic format. The book comes with various practical examples based on free software tools and open scientific data for reproducible research. The book’s introductory section offers a perspective on Ambisonics spanning from the origins of coincident recordings in the 1930s to the Ambisonic concepts of the 1970s, as well as classical ways of applying Ambisonics in first-order coincident sound scene recording and reproduction that have been practiced since the 1980s. As, from time to time, the underlying mathematics become quite involved, but should be comprehensive without sacrificing readability, the book includes an extensive mathematical appendix. The book offers readers a deeper understanding of Ambisonic technologies, and will especially benefit scientists, audio-system and audio-recording engineers. In the advanced sections of the book, fundamentals and modern techniques as higher-order Ambisonic decoding, 3D audio effects, and higher-order recording are explained. Those techniques are shown to be suitable to supply audience areas ranging from studio-sized to hundreds of listeners, or headphone-based playback, regardless whether it is live, interactive, or studio-produced 3D audio material.
This is the first book to introduce Green-function-based multiscale theory and the corresponding finite element method, which are readily applicable to composites and random media. The methodology is considered to be the one that most effectively tackles the uncertainty of stress propagation in complex heterogeneities of random media, and which presents multiscale theory from distinctive scale separation and scale-coupling viewpoints. Deliberately taking a multiscale perspective, it covers scale separation and then scale coupling. Both micromechanics and novel scale-coupling mechanics are described in relation to variational principles and bounds, as well as in the emerging topics on percolation and scale-coupling computation. It gives detail on the different bounds encountered, covering classical second and third order, new fourth order, and innovative ellipsoidal variations. Green-function-based multiscale theory is addressed to applications in solid mechanics and transport of complex media ranging from micro- and nano-composites, polycrystals, soils, rocks, cementitious materials, to biological materials. It is useful as a graduate textbook in civil and mechanical engineering and as a reference.
A new, comprehensively updated edition of the acclaimed textbook by F.H. Attix (Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry) taking into account the substantial developments in dosimetry since its first edition. This monograph covers charged and uncharged particle interactions at a level consistent with the advanced use of the Monte Carlo method in dosimetry; radiation quantities, macroscopic behaviour and the characterization of radiation fields and beams are covered in detail. A number of chapters include addenda presenting derivations and discussions that offer new insight into established dosimetric principles and concepts. The theoretical aspects of dosimetry are given in the comprehensive chapter on cavity theory, followed by the description of primary measurement standards, ionization chambers, chemical dosimeters and solid state detectors. Chapters on applications include reference dosimetry for standard and small fields in radiotherapy, diagnostic radiology and interventional procedures, dosimetry of unsealed and sealed radionuclide sources, and neutron beam dosimetry. The topics are presented in a logical, easy-to-follow sequence and the text is supplemented by numerous illustrative diagrams, tables and appendices. For senior undergraduate- or graduate-level students and professionals.
This book is based on the authors’ recent research results on formation control problems, including time-varying formation, communication delays, fault-tolerant formation for multiple UAV systems with highly nonlinear and coupled, parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances. Differentiating from existing works, this book presents a robust optimal formation approach to designing distributed cooperative control laws for a group of UAVs, based on the linear quadratic regulator control method and the robust compensation theory. The proposed control method is composed of two parts: the nominal part to achieve desired tracking performance and the robust compensation part to restrain the influence of highly nonlinear and strongly coupled parameter uncertainties, and external disturbances on the global closed-loop control system. Furthermore, this book gives proof of their robust properties. The influence of communication delays and actuator fault tolerance can be restrained by the proposed robust formation control protocol, and the formation tracking errors can converge into a neighborhood of the origin bounded by a given constant in a finite time. Moreover, the book provides details about the practical application of the proposed method to design formation control systems for multiple quadrotors and tail-sitters. Additional features include a robust control method that is proposed to address the formation control problem for UAVs and theoretical and experimental research for the cooperative flight of the quadrotor UAV group and the tail-sitter UAV group. Robust Formation Control for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles is suitable for graduate students, researchers, and engineers in the system and control community, especially those engaged in the areas of robust control, UAV swarming, and multi-agent systems.
This interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics. For the more advanced reader, advanced applications of WGMs and LSPRs in exploring the fundamental nature of quantum physics are discussed.
More scientists now use C than any other programming language. This book contains practical, computer-ready algorithms for many standard methods of numerical mathematics. It describes the principles of the various methods and provides support in choosing the appropriate method for a given task. Topics given special emphasis include converging methods for solving nonlinear equations, methods for solving systems of linear equations for many special matrix structures, and the Shepard method for multidimensional interpolation. The CD contains C-programs for almost all the algorithms given in the book and a compiler, together with software for graphical printing.
Lebesgue Integration on Euclidean Space' contains a concrete, intuitive, and patient derivation of Lebesgue measure and integration on Rn. It contains many exercises that are incorporated throughout the text, enabling the reader to apply immediately the new ideas that have been presented" --
Simulation and modeling using numerical methods is one of the key instruments in any scientific work. In the field of photonics, a wide range of numerical methods are used for studying both fundamental optics and applications such as design, development, and optimization of photonic components. Modeling is key for developing improved photonic devices and reducing development time and cost. Choosing the appropriate computational method for a photonics modeling problem requires a clear understanding of the pros and cons of the available numerical methods. Numerical Methods in Photonics presents six of the most frequently used methods: FDTD, FDFD, 1+1D nonlinear propagation, modal method, Green’s function, and FEM. After an introductory chapter outlining the basics of Maxwell’s equations, the book includes self-contained chapters that focus on each of the methods. Each method is accompanied by a review of the mathematical principles in which it is based, along with sample scripts, illustrative examples of characteristic problem solving, and exercises. MATLAB® is used throughout the text. This book provides a solid basis to practice writing your own codes. The theoretical formulation is complemented by sets of exercises, which allow you to grasp the essence of the modeling tools.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Workshop on Parameterized and Exact Computation, IWPEC 2004, held in Bergen, Norway, in September 2004. The 25 revised full papers presented together with an invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 47 submissions. The topics addressed focus on all current issues in this new approach to designing algorithms.
Techniques and Topics in Flow Measurement covers the applications and techniques of flow measurement. This definitive book provides guidelines for choosing appropriate techniques and assuring valid measurements as well as describes methods for treatment of calibration data in fluid flow under various conditions. The book also covers three systems of units: the SI system, the English Absolute Dimensional system, and the English Engineering system. Commonly used - and often misused - variables such as force, weight, and pressure are defined, and the relationships between the systems for these common variables are summarized. One of the many unique features of Techniques and Topics in Flow Measurement is the number of ready-to-use tables included throughout the text. Tables are provided for such commonly encountered variables as the saturation vapor pressure of water; the composition of dry air; the compressibility factor for air; air-free and air-saturated water density; viscosity of dry air, nitrogen, and other gases; and specific heat/specific volume ratios for dry air, water vapor, and moist air. Another unique feature of this book is the number of highly relevant examples. The author includes examples/exercises that demonstrate applications for density calculations; water vapor mixing ratio determination; gas viscosity interpolation; NIST guideline applications; buoyancy corrections; and more.
The investigation of the origin and formation of microstructures and the effect that microstructure has on the properties of materials are important issues in materials science and technology. Geometrical analysis is often the key to understanding the formation of microstructures and the resulting material properties. The authors make use of mathematical morphology, spatial statistics, image processing, stereology and stochastic geometry to analyze microstructures arising in materials science. * Quantitative microstructure analysis is one of the most successful experimental techniques in materials science * Uses examples to demonstrate the techniques * Program code included enables the reader to apply the numerous algorithms * Accessible to material scientists with limited statistical knowledge Primarily aimed at applied materials scientists, the book will also appeal to those working and researching in earth sciences, material technology, mineralogy, petrography, image analysis, cytology and biology.
Understanding, finding, or even deciding on the existence of real solutions to a system of equations is a difficult problem with many applications outside of mathematics. While it is hopeless to expect much in general, we know a surprising amount about these questions for systems which possess additional structure often coming from geometry. This book focuses on equations from toric varieties and Grassmannians. Not only is much known about these, but such equations are common in applications. There are three main themes: upper bounds on the number of real solutions, lower bounds on the number of real solutions, and geometric problems that can have all solutions be real. The book begins with an overview, giving background on real solutions to univariate polynomials and the geometry of sparse polynomial systems. The first half of the book concludes with fewnomial upper bounds and with lower bounds to sparse polynomial systems. The second half of the book begins by sampling some geometric problems for which all solutions can be real, before devoting the last five chapters to the Shapiro Conjecture, in which the relevant polynomial systems have only real solutions.
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