Arthritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the joints and surrounding tissues. As the disease develops it can cause severe pain and disability. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful, degenerative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or the small joints of the hands. Treatment usually includes analgesics, topical creams, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (known as NSAIDs); appropriate exercises or physical therapy; joint splinting; or joint replacement surgery for seriously damaged larger joints, such as the knee or hip. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that usually involves the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees, feet, or ankles. This new book brings together leading research in the field.
Although the various branches of physics differ in their experimental methods and theoretical approaches, certain general principles apply to all of them. The forefront of contemporary advances in physics lies in the submicroscopic regime, whether it be in atomic, nuclear, condensed-matter, plasma, or particle physics, or in quantum optics, or even in the study of stellar structure. All are based upon quantum theory (i.e., quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) and relativity, which together form the theoretical foundations of modern physics. Many physical quantities whose classical counterparts vary continuously over a range of possible values are in quantum theory constrained to have discontinuous, or discrete, values. The intrinsically deterministic character of classical physics is replaced in quantum theory by intrinsic uncertainty. According to quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation does not always consist of continuous waves; instead it must be viewed under some circumstances as a collection of particle-like photons, the energy and momentum of each being directly proportional to its frequency (or inversely proportional to its wavelength, the photons still possessing some wavelike characteristics). This new book presents state of art research from around the world.
Arthritis is an inflammatory disease affecting the joints and surrounding tissues. As the disease develops it can cause severe pain and disability. The two most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful, degenerative joint disease that often involves the hips, knees, neck, lower back, or the small joints of the hands. Treatment usually includes analgesics, topical creams, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (known as NSAIDs); appropriate exercises or physical therapy; joint splinting; or joint replacement surgery for seriously damaged larger joints, such as the knee or hip. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that usually involves the hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, knees, feet, or ankles. Focus on Arthritis Research brings together leading research in the field.
This book covers topics from a wide variety of disciplines including cell biology, developmental biology, ecology, endocrinology, genetics, molecular biology, neurobiology, and pharmacology. There is a focus on circadian (daily), tidal, seasonal, and annual rhythms, as well as other biological rhythms. Rhythms are placed within the context of the functional significance of these rhythms for the health and well-being of relevant organisms and include genetic and molecular mechanisms of biological timekeeping, melatonin and pineal gland rhythms, as well as on the chronobiology and chronotherapy of cardiovascular, pulmonary, ulcer, and other diseases.
A continent of vast diversity, stretching from the deserts of the north through the equatorial tropics into the more temperate south, Africa brims with challenges and issues. This book collects a series of papers examining a number of these topics and how they impact African nations, the United States and the global community. The analyses also present possible solutions to some of the continent's most vexing problems as many of its nations chart a course of political and economic development.
Vexing issues concerning internal and external change challenge Europe as it tries hard to regroup, reform and refocus. This series is intended to present an ongoing forum to stimulate discussion of these issues. Table of Contents: Preface; Broadband Communications in the European Union: Myths and Realities; Important but not Pervasive: The Shared Limits of Secondary Law in the Common Markets of Europe and South America; Democracy in the European Union; Can Mainstreaming Save EU Social Policy?; The Cases of Gender, Disability and Elderly Policy; Constructing Equality in Europe: The Case of Women's Rights in Italy and the UK; On the Problems of Home Country Control; Measuring the Cost of Increasing Inequality; Approaching the Endgame: Polish Public Opinion and the Changing Euro-Debate in the Run up to the 2003 EU Accession Referendum; Austria: Exceptionalism, Myth and Pariah; The Amsterdam CFSP Components: A Lowest Common Denominator Agreement?; Index.
This new book presents 245 in-depth and incisive book reviews about presidents and the presidency of the United States. This book is a must reference in political science, current affairs and sociology.
The forefront of contemporary advances in physics lies in the submicroscopic regime, whether it be in atomic, nuclear, condensed-matter, plasma, or particle physics, or in quantum optics, or even in the study of stellar structure. All are based upon quantum theory (i.e., quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) and relativity, which together form the theoretical foundations of modern physics. Many physical quantities whose classical counterparts vary continuously over a range of possible values are in quantum theory constrained to have discontinuous, or discrete, values. The intrinsically deterministic character of classical physics is replaced in quantum theory by intrinsic uncertainty. According to quantum theory, electromagnetic radiation does not always consist of continuous waves; instead, it must be viewed under some circumstances as a collection of particle-like photons, the energy and momentum of each being directly proportional to its frequency (or inversely proportional to its wavelength, the photons still possessing some wavelike characteristics).
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a life-long chronic disease diagnosed primarily in young adults. During an MS attack, inflammation occurs in areas of the white matter of the central nervous system (nerve fibres that are the site of MS lesions) in random patches called plaques. This process is followed by destruction of myelin, which insulates nerve cell fibres in the brain and spinal cord. Myelin facilitates the smooth, high-speed transmission of electrochemical messages between the brain, the spinal cord, and the rest of the body. The initial symptom of MS is often blurred or double vision, red-green colour distortion, or even blindness in one eye. Most MS patients experience muscle weakness in their extremities and difficulty with co-ordination and balance. Most people with MS also exhibit paresthesias, transitory abnormal sensory feeling such as numbness or pins and needles. Some may experience pain or loss of feeling. About half of people with MS experience cognitive impairments such as difficulties with concentration, attention, memory, and judgement. This volume presents leading research from around the globe.
It is predicted by some observers that the 21st century will be remembered as the Asian Century. Many of the countries in the region seem to be able to take the economic and trade baton when one of the others experiences problems. The region, in general, continues to grow economically, politically and militarily. The articles presented in this volume examine the current political and economic situations in nations across Asia, particularly focusing on economic developments.
This book focuses on advances in genetics, molecular medicine, biotechnologies, and behavioural sciences that have an impact on primary, secondary and tertiary cancer prevention. It includes research on: (a)Basic mechanisms of neoplastic diseases leading to the identification of molecular pathways that can be employed as targets for cancer prevention; (b)Descriptive, analytical, and molecular epidemiology with emphasis on developing biomarkers of cancer risk assessment and response to cancer prevention; (c)Laboratory and clinical procedures for prognostic evaluation of malignant tumour transformation, progression and response to treatment with cancer preventive agents; (d)Discoveries of natural substances and synthetic agents that have promising cancer preventive potential and elucidating their mechanistic action; (e)Development and assessment of cancer preventive approaches that have potential for being translated into the clinic; (f)Cancer prevention pre-clinical studies and clinical trials; (g)Patient management and education, management of curable lesions, education and lifestyle modification and the role of behavioural factors in cancer etiology and prevention.
Advances in Psychology Research" presents original research results on the leading edge of psychology research. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum.
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