This book aims at being a comprehensive and pedagogical introduction to the concept of self-stabilization, introduced by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra in 1973. Self-stabilization characterizes the ability of a distributed algorithm to converge within finite time to a configuration from which its behavior is correct (i.e., satisfies a given specification), regardless the arbitrary initial configuration of the system. This arbitrary initial configuration may be the result of the occurrence of a finite number of transient faults. Hence, self-stabilization is actually considered as a versatile non-masking fault tolerance approach, since it recovers from the effect of any finite number of such faults in a unified manner. Another major interest of such an automatic recovery method comes from the difficulty of resetting malfunctioning devices in a large-scale (and so, geographically spread) distributed system (the Internet, Pair-to-Pair networks, and Delay Tolerant Networks are examples of such distributed systems). Furthermore, self-stabilization is usually recognized as a lightweight property to achieve fault tolerance as compared to other classical fault tolerance approaches. Indeed, the overhead, both in terms of time and space, of state-of-the-art self-stabilizing algorithms is commonly small. This makes self-stabilization very attractive for distributed systems equipped of processes with low computational and memory capabilities, such as wireless sensor networks. After more than 40 years of existence, self-stabilization is now sufficiently established as an important field of research in theoretical distributed computing to justify its teaching in advanced research-oriented graduate courses. This book is an initiation course, which consists of the formal definition of self-stabilization and its related concepts, followed by a deep review and study of classical (simple) algorithms, commonly used proof schemes and design patterns, as well as premium results issued from the self-stabilizing community. As often happens in the self-stabilizing area, in this book we focus on the proof of correctness and the analytical complexity of the studied distributed self-stabilizing algorithms. Finally, we underline that most of the algorithms studied in this book are actually dedicated to the high-level atomic-state model, which is the most commonly used computational model in the self-stabilizing area. However, in the last chapter, we present general techniques to achieve self-stabilization in the low-level message passing model, as well as example algorithms.
Une, deux, 3, je traîne ma croix. Une, deux, 3, ils pensent pour moi. Une, deux, 3, ils ont tout écrit avant moi. Une, deux, 3, ce que je lis dans ma vie fait règle de trois. Léo, tu n’aimes pas ton existence, le monde de l’entreprise t’absorbe et te torture l’esprit. Chahute tes convictions. Tu installes dans un jeu de chaise musicale. Ta pensée se rebelle et tu n’écoutes pas la musique, tu n’as pas envie de t’asseoir et de garder une place dans le jeu. Mais Léo, l’humanité elle-même est une entreprise... Tu ne le comprends pas ? Cela ne sert à rien de fuir. Même si dans les livres tu trouves des réponses, avec ces auteurs de génie, avec ces fins rapporteurs de l’esprit humain, des temps et de nos sociétés. Tu vénères leur langage, tu vénères la musique de leurs mots qui répond à celle de ton âme. Tu es un troubadour. Mais, écriras-tu un jour ta propre musique, écriras-tu la balades de Léo ? Avec ce deuxième livre de sa trilogie, 3, D(i)eux, Une, Franck Antunes nous entraîne dans les belles lettres et sublime la littérature des anciens, dans un vibrant hommage contemporain. Vous retrouverez Cervantès, Kafka, Hemingway et bien d’autres. La trilogie de ce remarquable auteur de la collection Magnitudes est une montagne littéraire que vous pouvez entreprendre aussi bien par la face nord que la face sud. D’ailleurs, peu importe si vous ne respectez pas sa numérologie, car, c’est bien là le propos du livre : se découvrir soi-même et choisir sa vocation.
Avec « REV’ » les mots sont là, ils existent, ils sont les sous-titres de l’image sur le vaste écran de la page vierge qui se noircit. On a toujours tendance à visualiser un rêve, jamais à l’entendre. C’est pour ces raisons qu’intervient le poète, avec le désir de faire découvrir à ses lecteurs une partie cachée mais profonde de son inconscient voire de son subconscient. En droite ligne il doit cibler le lecteur, lui donner de quoi nourrir son imaginaire, l’inciter à travers un poème rêvé à rêver de nouveau. Ainsi, le poète se fera l’entremetteur, le confident. Les mots auront le pouvoir, en plus de l’image, de créer « la vie ». Le poème sera à la fois un langage visuel et une image sonore. Le poète n’étant que le substitut, l’intermédiaire. À lui de travailler la matière brute, à faire du langage imagé un objet exploitable. Franck Roy
This book aims at being a comprehensive and pedagogical introduction to the concept of self-stabilization, introduced by Edsger Wybe Dijkstra in 1973. Self-stabilization characterizes the ability of a distributed algorithm to converge within finite time to a configuration from which its behavior is correct (i.e., satisfies a given specification), regardless the arbitrary initial configuration of the system. This arbitrary initial configuration may be the result of the occurrence of a finite number of transient faults. Hence, self-stabilization is actually considered as a versatile non-masking fault tolerance approach, since it recovers from the effect of any finite number of such faults in an unified manner. Another major interest of such an automatic recovery method comes from the difficulty of resetting malfunctioning devices in a large-scale (and so, geographically spread) distributed system (the Internet, Pair-to-Pair networks, and Delay Tolerant Networks are examples of such distributed systems). Furthermore, self-stabilization is usually recognized as a lightweight property to achieve fault tolerance as compared to other classical fault tolerance approaches. Indeed, the overhead, both in terms of time and space, of state-of-the-art self-stabilizing algorithms is commonly small. This makes self-stabilization very attractive for distributed systems equipped of processes with low computational and memory capabilities, such as wireless sensor networks. After more than 40 years of existence, self-stabilization is now sufficiently established as an important field of research in theoretical distributed computing to justify its teaching in advanced research-oriented graduate courses. This book is an initiation course, which consists of the formal definition of self-stabilization and its related concepts, followed by a deep review and study of classical (simple) algorithms, commonly used proof schemes and design patterns, as well as premium results issued from the self-stabilizing community. As often happens in the self-stabilizing area, in this book we focus on the proof of correctness and the analytical complexity of the studied distributed self-stabilizing algorithms. Finally, we underline that most of the algorithms studied in this book are actually dedicated to the high-level atomic-state model, which is the most commonly used computational model in the self-stabilizing area. However, in the last chapter, we present general techniques to achieve self-stabilization in the low-level message passing model, as well as example algorithms.
« Les observe, les scrute. Les Tous-ceux savent pas, savent rien, parlent beaucoup mais savent rien en fait. Suis derrière eux la nuit, la fin du jour, dans demi-jour suis là. Suis dans angle de rue, dans buisson, dans porte cochère, partout suis, partout, suis œil de Moscou, suis comme espion de dernière guerre des Tous-ceux. C’est pas mission, c’est soumission : sont là et savent pas que pourrais hypnotiser eux, attraper eux. Tchack ! Saisir eux et emmener dans repaire mien, emmener, capturer eux, ratiboiser semblant de vie, souvenirs, mémoires mortes des noëls d’enfance, costumes fringants, table pleine de manger ; vont se goinfrer ce soir les Tous-ceux, vont faire fête de Jésus avec famille, tous à table, grosse dinde, marrons, patates et tout le toutim. Inviteront pas Igor. Bon. » Igor est seul, Igor est perdu lorsqu’il tombe amoureux pour la première fois. Alors que les habitants de son quartier s’affairent pour préparer le réveillon de noël, Igor doit prendre une décision qui changera sa vie. Mais en aura-t-il le courage ?
This legendary work presents a comprehensive survey that covers every issue of significance to today's performers, with numerous musical examples, authoritative citations, and scholarly interpretations and syntheses.
Most marketing scholars implicitly consider independent merchants as conservative and passive actors, and study the modernization of retailing via department stores, chains and supermarkets. In this innovative study, Franck Cochoy challenges this perspective and takes a close look at the transformation of commerce through the lens of Progressive Grocer, an American trade magazine launched in 1922. Aimed at modernizing small independent grocery stores, Progressive Grocer sowed the seeds for modern self-service which spread in small retail outlets, sometimes well before the advent of the large retail spaces which are traditionally viewed as the origin of the self-service economy. The author illustrates how this publication had a highly influential role on what the trade considered to be best practice and shaped what was considered to be cutting edge. By displacing the consumer and their agency from the centre of analytic attention, this innovative book highlights the complex impact of social, technical and retailing environment factors that structure and delimit consumer freedom in the marketplace. This detailed critical analysis of the origins of self-service will be of interest to a wide variety of scholars not only in marketing and consumer research, but also in business history, sociology and cultural studies.
Charles Corm: An Intellectual Biography of a Twentieth-Century Lebanese “Young Phoenician” delves into the history of the modern Middle East and an inquiry into Lebanese intellectual, cultural, and political life as incarnated in the ideas, and as illustrated by the times, works, and activities of Charles Corm (1894–1963). Charles Corm was a guiding spirit behind modern Lebanese nationalism, a leading figure in the “Young Phoenicians” movement, and an advocate for identity narratives that are often dismissed in the prevalent Arab nationalist paradigms that have come to define the canon of Middle East history, political thought, and scholarship of the past century. But Charles Corm was much more than a man of letters upholding a specific patriotic mission. As a poet and entrepreneur, socialite and orator, philanthropist and patron of the arts, and as a leading businessman, Charles Corm commanded immense influence on modern Lebanese political and social life, popular culture, and intellectual production during the interwar period and beyond. In many respects, Charles Corm has also been “the conscience” of Lebanese society at a crucial juncture in its modern history, as the autonomous sanjak/Mutasarrifiyya (or Province) of Mount-Lebanon and the Vilayet (State) of Beirut of the late nineteenth century were navigating their way out of Ottoman domination and into a French Mandatory period (ca. 1918), before culminating with the independence of the Republic of Lebanon in 1943.
“[An] epic account of life and loves among artists and writers in Paris from belle époque to world slump.” —William Feaver, The Spectator A legendary capital of the arts, Paris hosted some of the most legendary developments in world culture—particularly at the beginning of the twentieth century, with the flowering of fauvism, cubism, dadaism, and surrealism. In Bohemian Paris, Dan Franck leads us on a vivid and magical tour of the Paris of 1900–1930, a hotbed of artistic creation where we encounter Apollinaire, Modigliani, Cocteau, Matisse, Picasso, Hemingway, and Fitzgerald, working, loving, and struggling to stay afloat. Sixteen pages of black-and-white illustrations are featured. “Franck spins lavish historical, biographical, artistic, and even scandalous details into a narrative that will captivate both serious and casual readers . . . Marvelous and informative.” —Carol J. Binkowski, Library Journal
This book will lead readers into a medieval culture of ambition, greed, and jealousy that motivated men and women to take the lives of individuals who trusted them. Collard examines the perception of the crime of poisoning in the West in medieval times, from about 500 to 1500 AD, exploring the ways the alleged crime was perceived in contemporary minds. His primary sources are chronicles that cover the entire medieval period and legal texts that are limited to the late medieval centuries. In order to portray the culture of murder by poisoning in the West, it was necessary to take into account Byzantine and Islamic documents as well as ancient texts such as the Scriptures and the writings of Roman historians, both of which were widely known in the Middle Ages. This book will lead readers into a medieval culture of ambition, greed, and jealousy that motivated men and women to take the lives of individuals who trusted them. In these pages, French medievalist Franck Collard examines the perception of the crime of poisoning in the West from about 500 to 1500. His primary sources of information are chronicles that cover the entire medieval period and legal texts that are limited to the late medieval centuries. In order to portray the culture of murder by poisoning in the West, he takes into account Byzantine and Islamic documents, as well as ancient texts such as the Scriptures and the writings of Roman historians, both of which were widely known in the Middle Ages. The resulting volume is concerned with the criminal actions that involve poison and not poison as such. Poisonous substances as such are described only when necessary for an understanding of a crime. What is important here is an examination of the ways the alleged crime was perceived in contemporary minds. Poisoning avoids the use of violence. It was committed without a drawn weapon or bloodshed in a world in which wounds, swords, knives, and clubs represented aggression and in which the flow of blood determined the gravity of the crime. Necessarily involving preparation and secrecy, it was often perpetrated treacherously during a meal, a particularly heinous act in a universe that was united by the companionship of a meal and the sociability of drinking. The special horror associated with poisoning resulted from the treachery of those close to the victim-and a sudden death that prevented a final confession of sins.
Sinophobia is a timely and groundbreaking study of the anti-Chinese sentiments currently widespread in Mongolia. Graffiti calling for the removal of Chinese dot the urban landscape, songs about killing the Chinese are played in public spaces, and rumors concerning Chinese plans to take over the country and exterminate the Mongols are rife. Such violent anti-Chinese feelings are frequently explained as a consequence of China’s meteoric economic development, a cause of much anxiety for her immediate neighbors and particularly for Mongolia, a large but sparsely populated country that is rich in mineral resources. Other analysts point to deeply entrenched antagonisms and to centuries of hostility between the two groups, implying unbridgeable cultural differences. Franck Billé challenges these reductive explanations. Drawing on extended fieldwork, interviews, and a wide range of sources in Mongolian, Chinese, and Russian, he argues that anti-Chinese sentiments are not a new phenomenon but go back to the late socialist period (1960–1990) when Mongolia’s political and cultural life was deeply intertwined with Russia’s. Through an in-depth analysis of media discourses, Billé shows how stereotypes of the Chinese emerged through an internalization of Russian ideas of Asia, and how they can easily extend to other Asian groups such as Koreans or Vietnamese. He argues that the anti-Chinese attitudes of Mongols reflect an essential desire to distance themselves from Asia overall and to reject their own Asianness. The spectral presence of China, imagined to be everywhere and potentially in everyone, thus produces a pervasive climate of mistrust, suspicion, and paranoia. Through its detailed ethnography and innovative approach, Sinophobia makes a critical intervention in racial and ethnic studies by foregrounding Sinophobic narratives and by integrating psychoanalytical insights into its analysis. In addition to making a useful contribution to the study of Mongolia, it will be essential reading for anthropologists, sociologists, and historians interested in ethnicity, nationalism, and xenophobia.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Formal Modeling and Analysis of Timed Systems, FORMATS 2008, held in Saint Malo, France, September 2008. The 17 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 37 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on extensions of timed automata and semantics; timed games and logic; case studies; model-checking of probabilistic systems; verification and test; timed petri nets.
Synthèse unique en langue française, Modéliser les accidents et les catastrophes industrielles : la méthode STAMP est le fruit d’un travail de recherche sur les modèles d’accident au sein des systèmes, qu’ils soient techniques et/ou sociaux. Cet ouvrage décrit les principales grandes théories, modèles et approches mobilisables pour comprendre, évaluer et mettre en place une démarche de prévention des accidents et de gestion des risques au sein de systèmes sociotechniques. Il présente ainsi tous les éléments nécessaires à la compréhension des modèles d’accident : définitions, objectifs, cadres théoriques et scientifiques, limites et développements, etc... L’ouvrage aborde l’accident selon une approche systémique, notamment selon la théorie générale des systèmes de Bertalanffy. Puis il propose une étude du modèle STAMP et de la technique d’analyse des dangers STPA à travers sa mise en application au sein d’un système socio-technique industriel de traitement de sédiments contaminés, en vue d’en évaluer la sécurité et d’en améliorer la performance. Clair et concis, il permet ainsi : de connaître les principaux modèles d’accident existants et de les comprendre ; d’appréhender la modélisation d’accident comme un outil essentiel de compréhension et d’analyse des interactions entre les différents éléments d’un système et donc de son comportement ; d’acquérir et d’approfondir ses connaissances sur le modèle d’accident STAMP ainsi que sur son application au sein de systèmes socio-techniques. Modéliser les accidents et les catastrophes industrielles : la méthode STAMP s’adresse à tous les professionnels de la sécurité souhaitant consolider leur connaissance des évaluations de la sécurité ou des enquêtes sur les accidents au sein des systèmes socio-techniques.
Since the publication of the first Shanghai ranking in 2003, the international rankings of universities have become evermore important. This book examines the evolution of higher education systems and the role of universities in contemporary societies, which are marked by increased competition and tensions. Investigating whether the dynamism of large universities is an accurate indicator of the intellectual life of their civilizations, Universities and Civilizations systematically analyzes the evolution of universities in several main rankings, from their creation until now. This analysis shows the rise of universities in China and parts of Europe, the decline of American and Japanese universities and the scant presence of universities in Russia, India, Africa and Latin America. This book suggests an overhaul of traditional models of academic cooperation and exchange in an era of growing international tensions and a time when people and knowledge are increasingly mobile.
Forensic engineers often specialize in a particular area such as structures, fires, or accident reconstruction. However, the nature of the work often requires broad knowledge in the interrelated areas of physics, chemistry, biomechanics, and engineering. Covering cases as varied as assessment of workplace accidents to the investigation of Halliburt
In Nietzsche and the Shadow of God (Nietzsche et l’ombre de Dieu), his study of Nietzsche’s integral philosophical corpus, Franck revisits the fundamental concepts of Nietzsche’s thought, from the death of God and the will to power, to the body as the seat of thinking and valuing, and finally to his conception of a post-Christian justice. The work engages Heidegger’s interpretation of Nietzsche’s destruction of the Platonic-Christian worldview, showing how Heidegger’s hermeneutic overlooked Nietzsche’s powerful confrontation with revelation and justice by working through the Christian body, as set forth in the Epistles of Saint Paul and reread both by Martin Luther and by German Idealism. Franck shows systematically how Nietzsche “transvalued” the metaphysical tenets of the Christian body of believers. In so doing, he provides an unparalleled demonstration of the coherence of Nietzsche’s project and the ways in which the revaluation of values, amor fati, and the trials of eternal recurrence reshape the living self toward a creative existence beyond original sin—indeed, beyond an ethics of “good” versus “evil.” Bergo and Farah’s clear translation introduces this work to an English-speaking audience for the first time.
This book mines the early history of modern Lebanon, focusing on the country’s Jewish community and examining inter-Lebanese relations. It gives voice to personal testimonies, family archives, private papers, recollections of expatriate and resident Lebanese Jewish communities, as well as rarely tapped archival sources. With unique access to the Jewish communities in Lebanon and the Greater Middle East, the author presents both history and memory of Lebanon’s Jews, considering what, how, and why they choose to remember their Lebanese lives. The work retells the history of Lebanon by placing Lebanese Jews into the country’s narrative from the 1920s to 1970s, including an examination of the role they played in the construction of Lebanon’s multi-sectarian system.
Language, Memory, and Identity in the Middle East differs from traditional modern Middle East scholarship in that it reevaluates the images and perceptions that specialists-and Middle Easterners themselves-have normalized and intellectualized about the region, often with a patronizing rejection of the legitimacy and authenticity of non-Arab Middle Eastern peoples, and a refusal to attribute the Middle East's pathologies to causes outside the traditional Arab-Israeli and post-colonial paradigms.
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