A comprehensive study of the New Christian elite of Jewish origin—prominent traders, merchants, bankers and men of letters—between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries In Strangers Within, Francisco Bethencourt provides the first comprehensive history of New Christians, the descendants of Jews forced to convert to Catholicism in late medieval Spain and Portugal. Bethencourt estimates that there were around 260,000 New Christians by 1500—more than half of Iberia’s urban population. The majority stayed in Iberia but a significant number moved throughout Europe, Africa, the Middle East, coastal Asia and the New World. They established Sephardic communities in North Africa, the Ottoman Empire, Italy, Amsterdam, Hamburg and London. Bethencourt focuses on the elite of bankers, financiers and merchants from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries and the crucial role of this group in global trade and financial services. He analyses their impact on religion (for example, Teresa de Ávila), legal and political thought (Las Casas), science (Amatus Lusitanus), philosophy (Spinoza) and literature (Enríquez Gomez). Drawing on groundbreaking research in eighteen archives and library manuscript departments in six different countries, Bethencourt argues that the liminal position in which the New Christians found themselves explains their rise, economic prowess and cultural innovation. The New Christians created the first coherent legal case against the discrimination of a minority singled out for systematic judicial inquiry. Cumulative inquisitorial prosecution, coupled with structural changes in international trade, led to their decline and disappearance as a recognizable ethnicity by the mid-eighteenth century. Strangers Within tells an epic story of persecution, resistance and the making of Iberia through the oppression of one of the most powerful minorities in world history. Packed with genealogical information about families, their intercontinental networks, their power and their suffering, it is a landmark study.
This book celebrates a number of Guadalupan sermons that serve as the fundamental source of the Mexican people's unique spiritual devotion and identity. These sermons were preached, published, and circulated among the populace of Mexico in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They proclaim an unshakable conviction that the peoples of the American continent are the uniquely blessed recipients of God's, and especially Mary's, favor. In their modern sense, these sermons provide a wealth of information on Mexican theology, spirituality, and religious self-understanding at a pivotal time in a people's culture.
Descripción / Resumen (Inglés): The present volume represents a compilation of international teacher education practice and research with a focus on Teacher Education for Contemporary Contexts. It draws upon the diverse educational perspectives, teaching procedures, knowledge, and situated contexts where the discipline takes shape. The sections of this book comprise research papers accepted for presentation during the 18th International Study Association on Teachers and Teaching (ISATT) Biennial Conference that will take place from July 3rd to July 7th in Salamanca, Spain. Around 300 delegates from 57 countries across the globe and a large Scientific Committee of 80 colleagues have contributed academically and professionally to support our ability to share the contents of this volume. The main conference topic is search and research. Searching is the action of looking carefully at people, objects, and situations in order to find something concealed or to discover something beyond the ordinary. This is what teachers do in their classrooms and, primarily, ‘search’ represents their endeavours to construct professional knowledge as a result of developing practice. Researching is systematic inquiry that intends to discover new knowledge and/or to refute educational theories, a process typically rendered by teacher educators and other researchers. The focus of this 18th biennial ISATT conference is to bring together both “search” and “research”, connecting practice and theory (or ‘praxis’), with the purpose of offering relevant solutions to realistic classroom problems. The editorial process followed three differentiated phases: The first phase required abstract submission with the purpose of being accepted for the conference. A double (or triple) blind review was conducted to evaluate whether the papers submitted were suitable for the conference. A rate of 87% of the papers were accepted for presentation. The second phase encouraged authors to voluntarily submit a full paper of 3,000 words. A total of 111 full papers were then subjected to an open review process with the main purpose of suggesting to authors ways of further improving the presentation of their valuable research. A third phase, not yet completed and therefore beyond the scope of this book, was the review and selection of the outstanding papers, papers that were deemed eligible for the post-proceeding publication (i.e., less than 15% of the total). The central intent of the book is to contribute to fostering scholarly discussions and to inform future teaching trajectories, strengthen lines of research in teacher education and demonstrate the opportunities and constraints in our professional work. Its added value highlights the commonplace in international research that serves to depict how the field of teacher education is moving forward in an increasingly global society. All in all, teachers, teacher educators and researchers learn by effective communication processes, whether in in personal/professional interactions or in the use of digital technologies. Positive interactions lead to building strong communities of learners, which in turn, leads to the production of valuable knowledge and better understandings about learning and teaching. With the upcoming commemoration of its 800th anniversary in the year 2018, the University of Salamanca, as the oldest university in operation in Spain, is proud to host the ISATT 18th biennial conference and to support the exceptional work of many researchers in the field of Teacher Education by compiling and editing the work in this volume. Furthermore, the local Organizing Committee and the ISATT Executive Committee hope you will experience a rewarding intellectual experience as a result of your contributions and knowledge, as both academics and practitioners. Thank you very much for providing us this exciting opportunity to work with you. We warmly welcome you to Salamanca – a truly historic and a contemporary context! Descripción / Resumen (Español / Castellano): El presente volumen está integrado por una recopilación de prácticas e investigaciones internacionales de formación docente centradas en la formación de profesores en la sociedad actual. Se basa en las diversas perspectivas educativas, los procedimientos de enseñanza, conocimiento y contextos sociales. Las secciones de este libro comprenden trabajos de investigación aceptados para su exposición en las XVIII Conferencia Bienal Internacional de Estudios de Profesores y Enseñanza (ISATT) que tendrá lugar del 3 al 7 de julio en Salamanca, España. Alrededor de 300 delegados de 57 países de todo el mundo y un gran Comité Científico de 80 colegas han contribuido académica y profesionalmente en favor de este evento. El tema principal de la conferencia es la búsqueda y la investigación. «Buscar» es la acción de mirar cuidadosamente a las personas, objetos y situaciones para encontrar algo escondido o descubrir algo más allá de lo ordinario. Esto es lo que los maestros hacen en sus clases y, sobre todo, la búsqueda representa sus esfuerzos para construir conocimiento profesional como resultado del desarrollo de la práctica cotidiana. La «investigación» es una investigación sistemática que pretende descubrir nuevos conocimientos y/o refutar teorías educativas, un proceso que suelen dar los educadores de profesores y de otros investigadores. El objetivo de esta 18ª conferencia ISATT es reunir tanto la «búsqueda» como la «investigación», conectando la práctica y la teoría (o praxis) con el propósito de ofrecer soluciones relevantes a los problemas reales de la clase. El proceso editorial siguió tres fases diferenciadas: 1. Requirió el envío de resúmenes con el propósito de que fuesen aceptados para la ser expuestos en la conferencia. Se realizó una revisión doble ciego (o triple) para evaluar si los artículos presentados eran adecuados. Se aceptó una tasa de 87% de los trabajos para su presentación. 2. La segunda fase requirió de los autores en envío en período voluntario de un trabajo completo de 3.000 palabras. Un total de 111 trabajos fueron sometidos a un proceso de revisión abierta con el propósito principal de sugerir a los autores formas de mejora. 3. Una tercera fase, aún inconclusa, y por lo tanto fuera del alcance de este libro, fue la revisión y selección de los documentos pendientes, los documentos que se consideraron electos para la publicación posterior al procedimiento (es decir, menos del 15% del total). La intención central de esta obra es contribuir a fomentar el debate académico e informar sobre futuras trayectorias de enseñanza, fortalecer las líneas de investigación en la formación del profesorado y demostrar las oportunidades y limitaciones en nuestro ámbito. Su valor es el de destacar el lugar común en la investigación internacional que sirve para describir cómo el campo de la formación de maestros avanza en una sociedad cada vez más global. En general, los maestros, los educadores de educadores y los investigadores aprendan mediante procesos de comunicación eficaces, ya sea en interacciones personales/profesionales o en el uso de tecnologías digitales. Las interacciones conducen a la construcción de comunidades fuertes de estudiantes, que a su vez, conduce a la producción de conocimientos valiosos y mejores sobre el aprendizaje y la enseñanza. Con la próxima conmemoración de su 800 aniversario en el año 2018, la Universidad de Salamanca, como la decana de las españolas, se enorgullece en acoger la XVIII Conferencia Bienal de ISATT y apoyar el trabajo excepcional de muchos investigadores en el campo del Profesor Educación Investigador, editando la obra. Además, el Comité Organizador Local y el Comité Ejecutivo de ISATT esperan que experimente una lectura gratificante como resultado de sus contribuciones y conocimientos, tanto académicos como profesionales. Muchas gracias por brindarnos esta emocionante oportunidad de trabajar con usted. ¡Les damos la bienvenida a Salamanca un contexto verdaderamente histórico y a su vez contemporáneo!
Ethnic Community Builders: Mexican-Americans in Search of Justice and Power is an oral history of Mexican-American activism in San JosZ, California, over the last half century. The authors present interviews of 14 people of various stripes—teachers, politicians, radio personalities—who have been influential in the development of a major urban center with a significant ethnic population. These activists tell the stories of their lives and work with engaging openness and honesty, allowing readers to witness their successes and failures. This vivid ethnography of a Mexican-American community serves as a model for activism wherever ethnic groups seek change and justice.
How could a structure as complex as the vertebrate brain develop from the simplest multicellular animals? Natural selection offers an impeccable mechanism for the gradual transformation of species, but even Darwin sometimes expressed doubts about the origin of highly complex structures. Following an approach that has been termed "developmental evolutionary genetics," this book seeks to establish a correspondence between embryological processes and the phylogenetic history of an organism.
This study presents, for the first time, a comprehensive descriptive study of the Arabic dialect spoken in the city of Essaouira (Mogador), including updated data on its Muslim and Jewish varieties. The Muslim variety of the local Arabic had been ignored for more than a century since dialectologists believed that the city's population was mostly ethnically Amazigh speaking, what this study proved to be a misconception. The book also contains data on the rural dialect of the Chiadma territory, precisely the city of Aquermoud in the surroundings of Essaouira – never described before. New oral texts by some of the remaining Jewish speakers in the city and in the diaspora are also included.
A groundbreaking history of racism Racisms is the first comprehensive history of racism, from the Crusades to the twentieth century. Demonstrating that there is not one continuous tradition of racism, Francisco Bethencourt shows that racism preceded any theories of race and must be viewed within the prism and context of social hierarchies and local conditions. In this richly illustrated book, Bethencourt argues that in its various aspects, all racism has been triggered by political projects monopolizing specific economic and social resources. Racisms focuses on the Western world, but opens comparative views on ethnic discrimination and segregation in Asia and Africa. Bethencourt looks at different forms of racism, and explores instances of enslavement, forced migration, and ethnic cleansing, while analyzing how practices of discrimination and segregation were defended. This is a major interdisciplinary work that moves away from ideas of linear or innate racism and recasts our understanding of interethnic relations.
Mammals are the so-called "pinnacle" group of vertebrates, successfully colonising virtually all terrestrial environments as well as the air (bats) and sea (especially pinnipeds and cetaceans). How mammals function and survive in these diverse environments has long fascinated mammologists, comparative physiologists and ecologists. Ecological and Environmental Physiology of Mammals explores the physiological mechanisms and evolutionary necessities that have made the spectacular adaptation of mammals possible. It summarises our current knowledge of the complex and sophisticated physiological approaches that mammals have for survival in a wide variety of ecological and environmental contexts: terrestrial, aerial, and aquatic. The authors have a strong comparative and quantitative focus in their broad approach to exploring mammal ecophysiology. As with other books in the Ecological and Environmental Physiology Series, the emphasis is on the unique physiological characteristics of mammals, their adaptations to extreme environments, and current experimental techniques and future research directions are also considered. This accessible text is suitable for graduate level students and researchers in the fields of mammalian comparative physiology and physiological ecology, including specialist courses in mammal ecology. It will also be of value and use to the many professional mammologists requiring a concise overview of the topic.
Reprint of the original, first published in 1872. The publishing house Anatiposi publishes historical books as reprints. Due to their age, these books may have missing pages or inferior quality. Our aim is to preserve these books and make them available to the public so that they do not get lost.
This textbook is a comprehensive overview of the construction, implementation, and application of important numerical methods for the solution of Initial Value Problems (IVPs). Beginning with IVPs involving Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) and progressing to problems with Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) in 1+1 and 3+1 dimensions, it provides readers with a clear and systematic progression from simple to complex concepts. The numerical methods selected in this textbook can solve a considerable variety of problems and the applications presented cover a wide range of topics, including population dynamics, chaos, celestial mechanics, geophysics, astrophysics, and more. Each chapter contains a variety of solved problems and exercises, with code included. These examples are designed to motivate and inspire readers to delve deeper into the state-of-the-art problems in their own fields. The code is written in Fortran 90, in a library-free style, making them easy to program and efficient to run. The appendix also includes the same code in C++, making the book accessible to a variety of programming backgrounds. At the end of each chapter, there are brief descriptions of how the methods could be improved, along with one or two projects that can be developed with the methods and codes described. These projects are highly engaging, from synchronization of chaos and message encryption to gravitational waves emitted by a binary system and non-linear absorption of a scalar field. With its clear explanations, hands-on approach, and practical examples, this textbook is an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who want to the learn how to use numerical methods to tackle challenging problems.
Early modern European thought held that men and women were essentially the same. During the seventeenth century, medical and legal arguments began to turn against this ‘one-sex’ model, with hermaphroditism seen as a medieval superstition. This book traces this change in Iberia in comparison to the earlier shift in thought in northern Europe.
In what constellation might Alcyone, soul of his soul and life of his life, live? The sweet Alcyone asks to return to the Earth to accompany the great love of her past, Charles, in a new lifetime of trials, sacrifices and reparations. In an example of profound devotion to her neighbor, she demonstrates her complete loyalty to assist the one for whom she has interceded so much on the spirit plane. In this gripping historical novel, the spirit Emmanuel takes us back to the frivolous Paris of the 17th century, a city replete with violent sentiments and materialistic illusions that conflict with the eternal truths of the soul. By means of the psychography of Francisco Candido Xavier, the spirit author’s collaborator, we are introduced to another one of Emmanuel’s incarnations, this time as Father Damiano, vicar of St. Vincent’s Church in Avila, Spain, and the couple’s contemporary protagonist.
As this book shows, a fascinating chapter of the human evolutionary history has been written in the American continent. In pre-Columbian times, America was inhabited by hunter-gatherer peoples, although, in some places, new technological innovations arose, resulting in the emergence of organized states and cities larger than some important European counterparts. The arrival of the European conquerors and settlers and African slaves dramatically changed the course of this history, however. Despite the turmoil in this post-contact period, some small and isolated communities maintaining hunter-gatherer lifestyles and speaking rare Native languages remained, indicating a scenario that had undergone few changes in thousands of years. This volume constitutes a rich source of information on several topics related to Native American history that will be of interest for professionals in several academic and scientific fields. In addition to demographic, evolutionary, and cultural perspectives, this book considers the revolutionary development of sophisticated laboratory and bioinformatic approaches, using both whole genomes and specific genetic regions to understand classical questions of the past, present, and future not only of Native Americans and their descendants, but of all of humankind.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress on Pattern Recognition, CIARP 2006, held in Cancun, Mexico in November 2006. The 99 revised full papers presented together with three keynote articles were carefully reviewed and selected from 239 submissions. The papers cover ongoing research and mathematical methods.
The book challenges three perspectives on the modern architectural canon: explanations that disregard impacts and effects beyond the North Atlantic (monologic), superficial modifications that simply add "Other" figures to the canon, and views that reject the canon itself. Instead, it recognizes the canon's significance in comprehending architecture, while seeking to uncover its presumed Western-centric integrity through a shift from a monological to a dialogical approach. This approach integrates concepts of identity and Otherness as dialectically articulated and mutually interrelated. In essence, the book's main thesis contends that the canon's historiographic construction overlooked the existence of “Otherness”, specifically neglecting the world beyond the North Atlantic nucleus of the West. By examining a global context to comprehend the canon formation, the book proposes a more accurate understanding of the history of modern architecture. Recognizing that this task cannot emanate from a single hegemonic center, it presents the prospect of a coral-type architectural history. This narrative should and could encompass voices from diverse cultures to explore the particular circumstances of the world intertwined with each piece or figure transiently integrated into that canon. As a result, the ideal readers of this book position themselves within multiple settings, keen on engaging in a critical global conversation about modern architectural discourse. It will be of interest to researchers and students of architecture, architectural history, and cultural studies.
A distinguished group of specialists examine afresh issues of particular concern to historians of the Spanish Armada. In particular they look at the contemporary Spanish view of Philip II's imperialism (Watson); at the composition and equipping of the fleet (Martin, Thompson, O'Donnell); at the unpredictable influence of outside agents, notably the Dutch fleet and the appalling weather of 1588 and its consequences (Schokkenbroek, Daultrey, Hogueras and San Pio); and at the reflection of the Armada in the myths and literature of the time (Fernandez-Armesto, Calvar, the editors). The editors also translate and annotate de Cu llar's remarkable first-hand account of sailing with the Armada.
Coyame is the wide-ranging account of a small town in Mexico. The author provides readers with a panoramic view of history from the Mayans to the Villa revolutionaries and beyond. The history of the region is brought into stark detail with the inclusion of the tales, legends, and family histories of Coyame’s colorful residents. Morales presents the information with great care and passion; both historians and casual readers will benefit from the candor and whimsy that mark this unique contribution.
This expert volume provides specialized coverage of the current state of the art in carbon gels. Carbon gels represent a promising class of materials with high added value applications and many assets, like the ability to accurately tailor their structure, porosity, and surface composition and easily dope them with numerous species. The ability to obtain them in custom shapes, such as powder, beads, monoliths, or impregnated scaffolds opens the way towards numerous applications, including catalysis, adsorption, and electrochemical energy storage, among others. Nevertheless, it remains a crucial question as to which design synthesis and manufacturing processes are viable from an economic and environmental point of view. The book represents the perspectives of renowned specialists in the field, specially invited to conduct a one-day workshop devoted to carbon gels as part of the 19th International Sol-Gel Conference, SOL-GEL 2017, held on September 3rd, 2017 in Liège, Belgium. Addressing properties and synthesis through applications and industry outlook, this book represents essential reading for advanced graduate students through practicing researchers interested in these exciting materials.
This coauthored monograph examines how business groups have interacted with state authorities in the three central Andean countries from the mid-twentieth century through the early twenty-first. This time span covers three distinct economic regimes: the period of state-led import substitutive industrialization from the 1950s through the 1970s, the neoliberalism of the 1980s and 1990s, and the post-neoliberal period since the earlier 2000s. These three countries share many similarities but also have important differences that reveal how power is manifested. Peru has had an almost unbroken hegemony of business elites who leverage their power over areas of state activity that affect them. Bolivia, by contrast, shows how strong social movements have challenged business dominance at crucial periods, reflecting a weaker elite class that is less able to exercise influence over decision-making. Ecuador falls in between these two, with business elites being more fragmented than in Peru and social movements being weaker than in Bolivia. The authors analyze the viability of these different regimes and economic models, why they change in specific circumstances, and how they affect the state and its citizens.
Higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean has expanded dramatically in the past 15 years, as the average gross enrollment rate has more than doubled, and many new institutions and programs have been opened. Although higher education access has become more equitable, and higher education supply has become more varied, many of the 'new' students in the system are, on average, less academically ready than are their more advantaged counterparts. Furthermore, only half of higher education students, on average, complete their degree, and labor market returns to higher education vary greatly across institutions and programs. Thus, higher education is at a crossroads today. Given the region's urgency to raise productivity in a low-growth, fiscally constrained environment, going past this crossroads requires the formation of skilled human capital fast and efficiently. 'At a Crossroads: Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean' contributes to the discussion by studying quality, variety, and equity of higher education in Latin America and the Caribbean. The book presents comprehensive evidence on the recent higher education expansion and evolution of higher education labor market returns. Using novel data and state-of-the-art methods, it studies demand and supply drivers of the recent expansion. It investigates the behavior of institutions and students and explores the unintended consequences of large-scale higher education policies. Framing the analysis are the singular characteristics of the higher education market and the market segmentation induced by the variety of students and institutions in the system. At this crossroads, a role emerges for incentives, information, accountability, and choice.
Coyame is the wide-ranging account of a small town in Mexico. The author provides readers with a panoramic view of history from the Mayans to the Villa revolutionaries and beyond. The history of the region is brought into stark detail with the inclusion of the tales, legends, and family histories of Coyame’s colorful residents. Morales presents the information with great care and passion; both historians and casual readers will benefit from the candor and whimsy that mark this unique contribution.
One of the most intriguing paleobiogeographical phenomena involving the origins and gradual sundering of Gondwana concerns the close similarities and, in most cases, inferred sister-group relationships of a number of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrate taxa, e.g., dinosaurs, flying birds, mammals, etc., recovered from uppermost Cretaceous/ Paleogene deposits of West Antarctica, South America, and NewZealand/Australia. For some twenty five extensive and productive investigations in the field of vertebrate paleontology has been carried out in latest Cretaceous and Paleogene deposits in the James Ross Basin, northeast of the Antarctic Peninsula (AP), West Antarctica, on the exposed sequences on James Ross, Vega, Seymour (=Marambio) and Snow Hill islands respectively. The available geological, geophysical and marine faunistic evidence indicates that the peninsular (AP) part of West Antarctica and the western part of the tip of South America (Magallanic Region, southern Chile) were positioned very close in the latest Cretaceous and early Paleogene favoring the “Overlapping” model of South America-Antarctic Peninsula paleogeographic reconstruction. Late Cretaceous deposits from Vega, James Ross, Seymour and Snow Hill islands have produced a discrete number of dinosaur taxa and a number of advanced birds together with four mosasaur and three plesiosaur taxa, and a few shark and teleostean taxa.
Narrated in a dizzying way, with scenarios that seem to be extracted from a futuristic film, you will immerse yourself in Ivi, a parallel universe where wizards and fairies live apart as the only way to guarantee peaceful coexistence. In the midst of a forbidden love between a fairy and a wizard, fantastic beings from enemy clans, we have the beginning of a great conflict, which becomes even more intense when one of the creatures, the most powerful one on Ivi, is in love with the wizard and willing to anything for his love. The reader is then transported to a thriller of romance and suspense and starts to root for each of the characters.
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