The purpose of this book is to thoroughly prepare the reader for applied research in clustering. Cluster analysis comprises a class of statistical techniques for classifying multivariate data into groups or clusters based on their similar features. Clustering is nowadays widely used in several domains of research, such as social sciences, psychology, and marketing, highlighting its multidisciplinary nature. This book provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to clustering and offers practical guidelines for applying clustering tools by carefully chosen real-life datasets and extensive data analyses. The procedures addressed in this book include traditional hard clustering methods and up-to-date developments in soft clustering. Attention is paid to practical examples and applications through the open source statistical software R. Commented R code and output for conducting, step by step, complete cluster analyses are available. The book is intended for researchers interested in applying clustering methods. Basic notions on theoretical issues and on R are provided so that professionals as well as novices with little or no background in the subject will benefit from the book.
Il cantiere di restauro è il luogo privilegiato per interventi nei quali le diverse competenze si combinano senza preconcette classificazioni di merito. Una peculiarità che il restauro archeologico presenta è legata alle condizioni dinamiche in cui gli interventi avvengono e alla costante variabilità delle condizioni in cui i manufatti si trovano a vivere, per tempi talvolta lunghi, anche dopo la conclusione dei lavori. È evidente come le difficoltà di conservare manufatti archeologici dipendano in maniera determinante dalle brusche variazioni a seguito dello scavo (con notevoli differenze locali negli esiti che dipendono anche dai metodi e dalle strategie utilizzate), alla variabilità di condizioni in cui i manufatti si troveranno a vivere in seguito e alle possibilità reali di assicurare loro una pratica di manutenzione ordinaria. La situazione rischia di diventare drammatica nel caso di manufatti fortemente smembrati e collocati in aree difficilmente raggiungibili e in quelli che non assicurano una adeguata “immagine” e che, in altri termini, non sono immediatamente e vantaggiosamente “vendibili”.
The purpose of this book is to thoroughly prepare the reader for applied research in clustering. Cluster analysis comprises a class of statistical techniques for classifying multivariate data into groups or clusters based on their similar features. Clustering is nowadays widely used in several domains of research, such as social sciences, psychology, and marketing, highlighting its multidisciplinary nature. This book provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to clustering and offers practical guidelines for applying clustering tools by carefully chosen real-life datasets and extensive data analyses. The procedures addressed in this book include traditional hard clustering methods and up-to-date developments in soft clustering. Attention is paid to practical examples and applications through the open source statistical software R. Commented R code and output for conducting, step by step, complete cluster analyses are available. The book is intended for researchers interested in applying clustering methods. Basic notions on theoretical issues and on R are provided so that professionals as well as novices with little or no background in the subject will benefit from the book.
The Little Girl (1976), the first novel by the internationally acclaimed Italian writer Francesca Duranti, gives a vivid account of the author's wartime childhood in Tuscany, during which the young Francesca struggles to reconcile her family's wealth and privilege with the dangers that her socialist parents, along with the left-wing or Jewish friends they shelter, have to face under the German occupation. The novel brilliantly combines a lively and engaging portrait of a small girl coming to terms with her world with an oblique but revealing insight into a dramatic period of Italian history.
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