Análise de Dados de uma Avaliação Nacional de Desempenho Educacional é o quarto de cinco volumes da série Avaliações Nacionais de Desempenho Educacional. Os outros volumes descreveram os procedimentos em uma avaliação até ao ponto em que os dados foram preparados para a análise estatística, o tópico deste volume. As análises concretas a ser realizadas dependerão das necessidades de informação dos formuladores de políticas e dos gestores no âmbito do ensino. Na maioria das avaliações nacionais, relacionam-se com a qualidade da aprendizagem dos alunos, fatores relacionados com a aprendizagem, questões de equidade, e, em alguns casos, alterações nos resultados educacionais ao longo do tempo. O Volume 4, que compreende duas partes, fornece instruções pormenorizadas acerca de como analisar dados coligidos em uma avaliação nacional. A Parte I prevê uma introdução geral à s análises estatísticas normalmente realizadas nas avaliações em grande escala, avaliando a tendência central e a dispersão das pontuações dos alunos e as relações entre as variáveis. A Parte II descreve o software IATA (Análise de Item e de Teste), que utiliza a teoria clássica dos testes e a teoria de resposta ao item para estabelecer escalas onde reportar as pontuações dos alunos. Os passos da análise das administrações de testes piloto e finais estão descritos detalhadamente. É acompanhado por um CD que contém exercícios especialmente concebidos e arquivos de dados de suporte para ambas as partes do volume. Este livro será de interesse para os especialistas em avaliação de governos nacionais, regionais e locais; instituições de investigação; e universidades.
A sweeping, authoritative history of 16th-century Spain and its legendary conquistadors, whose ambitious and morally contradictory campaigns propelled a small European kingdom to become one of the formidable empires in the world “The depth of research in this book is astonishing, but even more impressive is the analytical skill Cervantes applies. . . . [He] conveys complex arguments in delightfully simple language, and most importantly knows how to tell a good story.” —The Times (London) Over the few short decades that followed Christopher Columbus's first landing in the Caribbean in 1492, Spain conquered the two most powerful civilizations of the Americas: the Aztecs of Mexico and the Incas of Peru. Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro, and the other explorers and soldiers that took part in these expeditions dedicated their lives to seeking political and religious glory, helping to build an empire unlike any the world had ever seen. But centuries later, these conquistadors have become the stuff of nightmares. In their own time, they were glorified as heroic adventurers, spreading Christian culture and helping to build an empire unlike any the world had ever seen. Today, they stand condemned for their cruelty and exploitation as men who decimated ancient civilizations and carried out horrific atrocities in their pursuit of gold and glory. In Conquistadores, acclaimed Mexican historian Fernando Cervantes—himself a descendent of one of the conquistadors—cuts through the layers of myth and fiction to help us better understand the context that gave rise to the conquistadors' actions. Drawing upon previously untapped primary sources that include diaries, letters, chronicles, and polemical treatises, Cervantes immerses us in the late-medieval, imperialist, religious world of 16th-century Spain, a world as unfamiliar to us as the Indigenous peoples of the New World were to the conquistadors themselves. His thought-provoking, illuminating account reframes the story of the Spanish conquest of the New World and the half-century that irrevocably altered the course of history.
Until the end of the eighteenth century, missionaries to the New World agreed that diabolism lay at the heart of the Native American belief system and at the root of their own failure to establish a church purged of Satan and pagan superstition. The Devil mattered, and he occupied a central place in discussions of all non-Christian religious systems and in the bitter disputes over how to combat them. In this elegant and sensitive analysis, Fernando Cervantes gives the Devil his due, illuminating a neglected aspect of the European encounter with America and setting the full history of the "spiritual conquest" in a rich and original context. He reveals how Native Americans reinterpreted the view of Christianity presented to them, how they refused to see the world as the missionaries saw it. Drawing on archival sources, he brings into clear focus the complex, often bewildering, and sometimes tragic clash between a theology that posited the existence of competing forces and one that insisted that all deities were multiform beings within which good and evil coexisted. He deals in compelling and persuasive detail with the social history of the interaction between the two cultures, explaining not only the impact of European ideas upon the New World but the influence of diabolism on the ideology of the Old. And he provides a subtle account of the role of diabolism in the emerging baroque culture of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that strikingly challenges conventional explanations of the growth of skepticism in the period.
Taking as its main subject a series of notorious forgeries by Muslim converts in sixteenth-century Granada (including an apocryphal gospel in Arabic), this book studies the emotional, cultural and religious world view of the Morisco minority and the complexity of its identity, caught between the wish to respect Arabic cultural traditions, and the pressures of evangelization and efforts at integration into “Old Christian” society. Orientalist scholarship in Early Modern Spain, in which an interest in Oriental languages, mainly Arabic, was linked to important historiographical questions, such as the uses and value of Arabic sources and the problem of the integration of al-Andalus within a providentialist history of Spain, is also addressed. The authors consider these issues not only from a local point of view, but from a wider perspective, in an attempt to understand how these matters related to more general European intellectual and religious developments.
First published in 1940 and long out of print, Fernando Ortiz's classic work, Cuban Counterpoint is recognized as one of the most important books of Latin American and Caribbean intellectual history. Ortiz's examination of the impact of sugar and tobacco on Cuban society is unquestionably the cornerstone of Cuban studies and a key source for work on Caribbean culture generally. Though written over fifty years ago, Ortiz's study of the formation of a national culture in this region has significant implications for contemporary postcolonial studies. Ortiz presents his understanding of Cuban history in two complementary sections written in contrasting styles: a playful allegorical tale narrated as a counterpoint between tobacco and sugar and a historical analysis of their development as the central agricultural products of the Cuban economy. Treating tobacco and sugar both as agricultural commodities and as social characters in a historical process, he examines changes in their roles as the result of transculturation. His work shows how transculturation, a critical category Ortiz developed to grasp the complex transformation of cultures brought together in the crucible of colonial and imperial histories, can be used to illuminate not only the history of Cuba, but, more generally, that of America as well. This new edition includes an introductory essay by Fernando Coronil that provides a contrapuntal reading of the relationship between Ortiz's book and its original introduction by the renowned anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski. Arguing for a distinction between theory production and canon formation, Coronil demonstrates the value of Ortiz's book for anthropology as well as Cuban, Caribbean, and Latin American studies, and shows Ortiz to be newly relevant to contemporary debates about modernity, postmodernism, and postcoloniality.
This work will be volume 124 in the Flora Neotropica Monograph book Series, Lawrence M. Kelly (Editor-in-Chief). Flora Neotropica volumes provide taxonomic treatments of plant groups or families growing in the Americas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This monograph on Panicum (Poaceae), known as panicgrass, was written by the world-leading authority on this plant group. A total of one genus and 63 species are described. It also includes information on conservation, phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic history, ecology, cytology, and anatomy, among other topics. This is the first comprehensive volume on this topic since the 1920s and is lavishly illustrated with line drawings, black and white photographs, and distribution maps.
Foi dado um enfoque principal em questões de padrões de desenvolvimento - Design Patterns e conceitos OOP – Programação Orientada a Objetos. Visando aproveitar ao máximo o conceito de Orientação a Objetos, também foi abordado o Mapeamento Objeto-Relacional (ORM), que consiste em um framework que tem por objetivo suprir as disparidades entre o paradigma orientado a objetos e o modelo entidade-relacional, criando uma ponte (mapeamento) entre o modelo relacional e o modelo orientado a objetos. Ou seja, ao trabalhar com essa abordagem, é possível a construção de sistemas utilizando o paradigma orientado a objetos, cujo os objetos são persistidos em um banco de dados relacional. Também o conceito de programação em camadas foi tratado nesse livro com a construção de parte de um Aplicativo Comercial, focando no desenvolvimento de formulários de Cadastros Básicos. O material possui atividades que são incluídas como atividades para o estudante, fazendo com que seja aplicado todo o conhecimento adquirido.
As the 20th Century progressed, urban housing became quite homogenized throughout the world. Apartment buildings in Sao Paulo are very similar to those in Seoul, Moscow, and even Chicago. It is clear that the modernist architectural vocabulary made famous by the so-called "International style" has gone much beyond corporation identity buildings and prevails in the housing sector in most of the urbanized world. According to a study supported by the United Nations Habitat (ANGEL, 2000), residential buildings - although varying in size, shape and construction materials - now take on one of four basic forms: the single family house, the row house, the walk-up apartment building and the high-rise. This book is the result of almost a decade of research on multi-family buildings, known worldwide as apartments. The main goal is to investigate the extent to which those buildings are or are not alike, or whether the similarities are more visual than experiential.
The Spanish conquest of central Mexico in 1521 set in motion an evangelization campaign to convert the large indigenous populations to Catholicism. Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians participated in the first stages of this campaign. The missionaries established doctrinas (missions) in many indigenous communities, and, during the sixteenth century, directed the construction of new sacred complexes, often on the site of pre-Hispanic temples. Many of the convent complexes still survive in various states of conservation. This Visual Catalog offers historical data regarding the convent complexes, as well as an extensive collection of photographs of the surviving buildings, murals, and design elements, and documents the Franciscan doctrinas. In the 1580s, Fray Antonio de Ciudad Real, O.F.M. accompanied the Comisario General Fray Alonso Ponce, O.F.M. on an inspection of the Franciscan installations in central Mexico and Central America. The book reproduces his descriptions of the Franciscan missions, and is accompanied by photographs of the convent complexes. It also documents the Dominican and Augustinian doctrinas, and discusses selected Jesuit colegios and missions in Mexico. The Jesuits first arrived in Mexico in 1572, and did not participate in the first evangelization campaign. They were active in urban missions and education, and also established missions on the far northern frontier of Mexico.
This fascinating book examines the particular importance of cities in Spanish and Hispanic-American culture as well as the different meanings that artists and cartographers invested in their depiction of New and Old Wold cities and towns. Kagan maintains that cities are both built human structures and human communities, and that representations of the urban form reflect both points of view. He discusses the peculiar character of Spain's empire of towns; the history and development of the cityscape as an independent artistic genre, both in Europe and the Americas; the interaction between European and native mapping traditions; differences between European maps of urban America and those produced by local residents, whether native or creole; and the urban iconography of four different New World towns. Lavishly illustrated with a variety of maps, pictures, and plans, many reproduced here for the first time, this interdisciplinary study will be of interest to general readers and to specialists in art history, cartography, history, urbanism, and related fields.
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in Early Modern Festivals. These spectacles articulated the self-image of ruling elites and played out the tensions of the diverse social strata. Responding to the growing academic interest in festivals this volume focuses on the early modern Iberian world, in particular the spectacles staged by and for the Spanish Habsburgs. The study of early modern Iberian festival culture in Europe and the wider world is surprisingly limited compared to the published works devoted to other kingdoms at the time. There is a clear need for scholarly publications to examine festivals as a vehicle for the presence of Spanish culture beyond territorial boundaries. The present books responds to this shortcoming. Festivals and ceremonials played a major role in the Spanish world; through them local identities as well as a common Spanish culture made their presence manifest within and beyond the peninsula through ephemeral displays, music and print. Local communities often conflated their symbols of identity with religious images and representations of the Spanish monarchy. The festivals (fiestas in Spanish) materialized the presence of the Spanish diaspora in other European realms. Royal funerals and proclamations served to establish kingly presence in distant and not so distant lands. The socio-political, religious and cultural nuances that were an intrinsic part of the territories of the empire were magnified and celebrated in the Spanish festivals in Europe, Iberia and overseas viceroyalties. Following a foreword and an introduction the remaining 12 chapters are divided up into four sections. The first explores Habsburg Visual culture at court and its relationship with the creation of a language of triumph and the use of tapestries in festivals. The second part examines triumphal entries in Madrid, Lisbon, Cremona, Milan, Pavia and the New World; the third deals with the relationship between religion and the empire through the examination of royal funerals, hagiography and calendric celebrations. The fourth part of the book explores cultural, artistic and musical exchange in Naples and Rome. Taken together these essays contribute further to our growing appreciation of the importance of early-modern festival culture in general, and their significance in the world of the Spanish Habsburgs in particular.
Direct Action in Montevideo is the astonishing tale of anarchists willing to use extraordinary methods to achieve their goals. Seen as mere criminals by the legal system, the author met many of them in prison, where he was serving his own sentence. Politicized by his experiences, he went on to eventually write their story, which was also the story of a culture of solidarity and resistance in the face of oppression. These men were rebels who violated the norms of a social order they considered unjust, often responding to the violence of exploitation and immiseration with a violence of their own, robbing banks to fund revolutionary activities, planting bombs, fighting strikebreakers, aiding fugitives, and attacking, even assassinating, bosses and political figures.
Pronunciaciones del español es una introducción accesible a la fonética y la fonología del español que destaca la diversidad de pronunciaciones empleadas en el mundo hispanohablante. Con explicaciones claras y gráficos detallados, este libro guía al estudiante en el aprendizaje de conceptos claves de fonética articulatoria y acústica. El libro presta especial atención a la variación sociolingüística, a partir de ejemplos que cubren pronunciaciones típicas de variedades estándares y de variedades generalmente consideradas no normativas. Una abundante selección de ejercicios y actividades permite al estudiante reforzar la comprensión de conceptos claves y practicar las pronunciaciones comentadas. Un glosario bilingüe (español-inglés), archivos de audio y recursos pedagógicos se encuentran disponibles en línea en www.routledge.com/9781138657540. El libro es idóneo para estudiantes que inician estudios al nivel avanzado de español y de lingüística hispánica y que buscan familiarizarse con las pronunciaciones de diferentes variedades de español. Pronunciaciones del español is an accessible introduction to the linguistic diversity of Spanish phonetics and phonology. With clear explanations and detailed illustrations, this book guides students through key concepts in articulatory and acoustic phonetics. Particular attention is paid throughout to sociolinguistic variation, with examples covering pronunciations typical of standard varieties as well as varieties generally considered to be non-normative. A rich array of exercises and activities allow students to reinforce understanding of key concepts and practice the pronunciations as described. A bilingual glossary, accompanying audio files and teaching resources are available online at www.routledge.com/9781138657540. This book is ideal for advanced students of Spanish and Hispanic Linguistics, looking to develop familiarity with the pronunciation of different varieties of Spanish.
Fernando J. Rosenberg explores Latin American artistic production concerned with the possibility of justice after the establishment, rise, and ebb of the human rights narrative around the turn of the last century. Prior to this, key literary and artistic projects articulated Latin American modernity by attempting to address and supplement the state's inability to embody and enact justice. Rosenberg argues that since the topics of emancipation, identity, and revolution no longer define social concerns, Latin American artistic production is now situated at a point where the logic and conditions of marketization intersect with the notion of rights through which subjects define themselves politically. Rosenberg grounds his study in discussions of literature, film, and visual art (novels of political re-foundations, fictions of truth and reconciliation, visual arts based on cases of disappearance, films about police violence, artistic collaborations with police forces, and judicial documentaries.) In doing so, he provides a highly original examination of the paradoxical demands on current artistic works to produce both capital value and foster human dignity.
Anthropologist George Marcus and Fernando Mascarenhas, Marques of Fronteira and Alorna, reveal the key relationship between anthropologist and subject through their letters and commentaries. This innovative and experimental ethnography is a reflection on the survival of the contemporary Portuguese nobility. It will appeal to scholars of anthropological methods and fieldwork, and to researchers interested in the anthropology of elites and in Portuguese culture.
Even before the arrival of Europeans to the Americas, the practice of taking captives was widespread among Native Americans. Indians took captives for many reasons: to replace--by adoption--tribal members who had been lost in battle, to use as barter for needed material goods, to use as slaves, or to use for reproductive purposes. From the legendary story of John Smith's captivity in the Virginia Colony to the wildly successful narratives of New England colonists taken captive by local Indians, the genre of the captivity narrative is well known among historians and students of early American literature. Not so for Hispanic America. Fernando Operé redresses this oversight, offering the first comprehensive historical and literary account of Indian captivity in Spanish-controlled territory from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. Originally published in Spanish in 2001 as Historias de la frontera: El cautiverio en la América hispánica, this newly translated work reveals key insights into Native American culture in the New World's most remote regions. From the "happy captivity" of the Spanish military captain Francisco Nuñez de Pineda y Bascuñán, who in 1628 spent six congenial months with the Araucanian Indians on the Chilean frontier, to the harrowing nineteenth-century adventures of foreigners taken captive in the Argentine Pampas and Patagonia; from the declaraciones of the many captives rescued in the Rio de la Plata region of Argentina in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to the riveting story of Helena Valero, who spent twenty-four years among the Yanomamö in Venezuela during the mid-twentieth century, Operé's vibrant history spans the entire gamut of Spain's far-flung frontiers. Eventually focusing on the role of captivity in Latin American literature, Operé convincingly shows how the captivity genre evolved over time, first to promote territorial expansion and deny intercultural connections during the colonial era, and later to romanticize the frontier in the service of nationalism after independence. This important book is thus multidisciplinary in its concept, providing ethnographic, historical, and literary insights into the lives and customs of Native Americans and their captives in the New World.
Los profundos dinamismos que intervienen en el mecanismo de nuestro deseo y subyacen al desarrollo de nuestra personalidad van siendo sistemáticamente revelados, reconocidos y analizados en este libro. Sigmund Freud fue pionero en la exploración de los "continentes sumergidos de la mente" donde yacen los restos de naufragios existenciales y los tesoros insospechados del alma humana. Los conceptos fundamentales que forman el tejido ideológico del Psicoanálisis, las ideas más controvertidas de las teorías de Freud, como las referentes a la Sexualidad, al Complejo de Edipo, a la Represión, al control de los Instintos, a la Libido, al Placer, al Super-Yo... se van revelando y clarificando en este libro de un modo comprensible, incluso aplicables al propio conocimiento. Siguiendo el símil del psicoanalista Oscar Pfister: "Freud ha ideado un 'microscopio del alma', que permite observar y comprender las raíces de las funciones mentales, y su desarrollo y dinamismo" .
Students of Spanish language and culture can now benefit from a text that provides them with an understanding of contemporary Spanish history and society while refining their knowledge of the language and expanding their vocabulary. La España que sobrevive (originally published in Madrid in 1987) explores the aftermath of the Franco era in Spain. It presents an objective and nonpartisan, yet humorous and affectionate, view of the important aspects of contemporary Spanish history and society. Topics include the transition to democracy; regionalism and nationalism; key players in current affairs; important institutions such as the monarchy, military, and the church; sexual mores; culture; the media; and politicized approaches to Spanish history. For this edition, William W. Cressey has edited Fernando Díaz-Plaja's text to make it accessible to English-speaking students at an advanced level of Spanish reading skills. Cressey has also added study aids to the book—vocabulary and footnotes, glosses on proper names, questions for discussion, notes on grammar and rhetoric, and exercises. The study aids are gradually phased out, so that the final chapter is presented as stand-alone reading without any supplementary materials. Cressey's adaptation of Díaz-Plaja's highly respected work provides an alternative to literary sources for foreign language instruction—a new resource for teaching foreign languages across the curriculum and instruction through content. Bridging the gap between the fairly simple intermediate readers and texts written for adult native speakers, this book can serve as either a supplementary or main text in the advanced study of language or history, or in preparation for study abroad. La España que sobrevive is a practical tool for teaching not only the language but also the many facets of modern Spanish culture.
In Fernando Valverde’s América, “sorrow is ancient.” Mournfully lyrical, politically sharp, with a sweeping view of American roots, dysfunctions, and ideals—as if from above, and yet also from within—this is a book that deconstructs the legacy of empire. From the Mississippi River to Fulton Avenue, from slavery to “lone wolf” shooters, Valverde grieves but does not wince away from all that is lost to greed and a culture of violence, painting an urgent portrait of “the thirst of America / a smile satisfied to death.” Valverde is widely regarded as one of the most important younger Spanish-language poets. Here his vibrant voice and convictions are translated and introduced by Carolyn Forché, herself a world-renowned poet of witness. Bilingual, with Spanish originals and English translations.
Chilean architecture—along with that of São Paolo and Mexico City—sets a benchmark for the intersection of modernism with vernacular influences in Latin America. Culture, landscape, and the geology of this earthquake-prone region have all served as important filters for the practice of post-1950s design in Chile. This volume introduces the modern architecture of Chile to readers in the United States. Looking primarily at domestic architecture as a lens for studying the larger movement, Fernando Pérez Oyarzun considers the relationship between theory and practice in Chile. As he shows in his chapter, during the early 1950s the School of Valparaíso offered the possibility of developing experimental projects accompanied by theoretical statements. There, visual artists considered poetry the starting point of modern architecture and contributed their radically modern views to the design process of the project. Next, Rodrigo Pérez de Arce examines the material context of architecture in Chile: the availability of materials and technologies, the frequency of violent earthquakes and related seismic activity, and the nation’s craft-based, labor-intensive building practices. He applies these considerations to a series of case studies to demonstrate how they interact with cultural, historical, economic, and even political influences. In the book's final chapter, Horacio Torrent reviews the interplay between the architectonic culture and modern shapes that came into sharp focus in the 1950s in Chile. In another series of case studies, he highlights the formation of a system of concepts, thought processes, instruments, and values that have given Chilean architecture a certain singularity during the last fifty years.
The Coolest Deals On Everything —from drinks in old-school cuevas, to wining and dining on tapas crawls, and sweet digs in designer hotels The Best Places to Get Your Fiesta On —whether you’re in the mood to chill, dance, dress up, get wet, or get wild (or some combination thereof) The Hottest Music and Nightlife —from electronic mega festivals, to gritty Flamenco peñas, and drumming circles around bonfires The Insider Eating and Drinking Scene —from bull's tail and Michelin stars to foam tortillas and Spanish hot chocolate The Best Spanish Attractions —From all things bullish (fighting, running, and otherwise), to bargain hunting at flea markets, skydiving in a remote region of Aragon, or arting and museuming among the masters in Madrid and Barcelona A What’s What Guide for Following Your Bliss —Walk the trail of the medieval pilgrims, dive for underwater roman ruins, relax Moorish style in an Arabian bath, or siesta on a sunny, white-sand beach Exploring Spain, MTV Style - free podcast on Frommers.com
Frank es un verdadero líder, en la vida y en los negocios. Su dedicación a su familia, su comunidad y sus negocios ha mejorado y inspirado a miles de vidas en todo el mundo. Su historia sin duda hará lo mismo para usted." Doug DeVos, Presidente, Amway Global Corporation "Frank es la persona más talentosa que conozco. Él es un gran padre, un socio leal y amigo.La historia de su vida de logros es único. Como orador público de sentido común en todo el mundo sobre "el éxito y el fracaso” inspira y puede infl uir en las personas para conquistar y para ganar en la vida... y ahora, como un autor.esta historia de su vida es un deber leer." Dr. Leif Johnson, fundador y Presidente de LBJ internacional "La historia personal de Frank Morales de la pobreza a la prosperidad en cada área de su vida a través del poder de las relaciones sirve como fuente de inspiración a todas las personas. Dentro encontrará pepitas de valentía y perseverancia para ayudarle en su búsqueda de tu sueño." Julio Melara, autor, Publisher y emprendedor "Se toma una visión y un esfuerzo coherente para realizar tanto en lavida como lo hizo Frank Él ha afectado a muchas vidas de una manera positiva y productiva. También sabemos que detrás de cada hombre exitoso, hay una mujer fuerte, y que ella es su esposa Barbara. Sabemos que es la verdad de primera mano,porque son nuestros padres". Dr. Charles A. Macias, hijo y Co-Author, ‘www.Operación Legacy.com’ y Denice Morales Kennedy, hija y socia.
Business in Latin America provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the business environment of this dynamic and challenging region. The book begins with an overview of the most important macroenvironments shaping the region’s opportunities and risks, while the second part focuses on the business strategies that respond to those opportunities and risks. Capturing the dynamism of this region, this new edition provides a thorough and nuanced understanding of the commonalities and differences within the multifaceted business environments of Latin America. The second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to include: The sources of economic, political, and natural risks, including the impact of COVID-19 The endemic role of corruption in institutions, the economy, and society The region’s cultural and social diversity and resilience The role of technology and digitalization on corporate and marketing strategies The challenges of managing local and regional supply chains The book includes examples and cases from across the region on corporate strategies, marketing, entrepreneurship, leadership, human resource management, and social and environmental sustainability. An ideal resource for anyone considering a business venture in the region, the book will especially appeal to practitioners and students who have a particular interest in Latin America.
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