MEXICAN PINATAS The traditional Mexican celebration of birthday parties for children involving the breaking of the "Piñata" or "Cartoneria" (popular figurines made by craftsman utilizing cardboard, paper mache or newspapers) is one of the most anticipated activities awaiting families. The most popular figurines are now associated with Batman, Superman, Spider-Man, Nemo, the Lion King, etc. The Piñatas are usually filled with different sorts of candies that will be collected on the ground once a lucky child breaks it with a wooden stick. The Piñata is hung on a rope overhead and maneuvered to and fro' from side to side by two individuals oftentimes appearing on top of a roof or on top of a tree {about 10 to 20 feet apart) in order to challenge the children to look for it while they are blindfolded. The fun part comes when loud screams and yelling are heard to offer some form of direction as to the location of the Piñata so that children can swing hard at the moving object. All participants are given a specific amount of time to try and hit the Piñata starting with the youngest to the oldest ones in the party. As it often occurs, the older children are the victors who finally break the Piñata completely open with newspaper material scattered all around revealing the precious candy that is to be gathered at random by all the lucky participants. Hence, the triumphant kids are seen with bags of candies that they themselves collected while shoving others for them. The unlucky ones who collect some or literally no candies are usually taken care of by the promoters of the parties who stack candies separately so that they can have candy to enjoy, too. Vendors selling the popular characters, previously mentioned, in Mexico have been routinely apprehended by federal authorities who seize their illegal merchandize in violation of international copyright laws. Though these vendors are not familiar with copyright laws, they claim that this has been going on for decades without problems. After all, Mexico has been exporting popular Piñatas to the U.S. for many years. All that the vendors have had to do is to render full cooperation enforced by 'los federates' (federal officials) who force their infamous 'under the table' schemes known as "La Mordida." This Mexican traditional is now widespread throughout the U.S. as hordes of Mexican and American families buy Piñatas to celebrate birthdays, Christmas festivities and the "Posadas",4th of July, New Years Eve giving way to the new year, Mexican independence or 16th of September, and "Cinco de Mayo," etc. Hardly no one knows what a Piñata is all about. VII. The Origins of Mexico and its Builders. Centuries later, modem scholars offer us more in-depth studies into the vast continent of Mexico. William H. Prescott, perhaps the most famous historian of the Ancient Americans and the continent they inhabited long before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, shares the following perspective: Midway across the continent, somewhat nearer the Pacific than the Atlantic Ocean, at an elevation of nearly seven thousand five hundred feet, is the celebrated Valley of Mexico. Itis of an oval form, about sixty-seven leagues in circumference, and is encompassed by a towering rampart of porphyritic rock, which nature seems to have provided, though ineffectually, to protect it from invasion. The soil, once carpeted ·with a beautiful verdure, and thickly sprinkled with stately trees, is often bare, and, in many places, white with the incrustation of salts, caused by the draining of the waters. Five lakes are spread over the Valley, occupying one tenth of its surface. On the opposite borders of the largest of these basins, much shrunk in its dimensions since the days of the Aztecs, stood the cities of Mexico and Tezcuco, the capitals of the two most potent and flourishing states of Anahuac, whose history, with that of the mysterious races that preceded them in the country, exhibits some of the nearest approaches to civili2.ation to be met with anciently on the North American continent. Of these races, the most conspicuous were the Toltecs. Advancing from a northerly direction but from what region is uncertain, they entered the territory of Anahuac,. probably before the close of the seventh century. The Toltecs were well instructed in agriculture, and many of the most useful mechanic arts; were nice workers of metals; invented the complex arrangement of time adopted by the Aztecs; and, in short, were the true fountains of the civilization which distinguished this part of the continent in latter times. They established their capital at Tula, north of the Mexican Valley, and the remains of extensive buildings were to be discerned there at the time of the Conquest. The noble ruins of religious and other edifices still to be seen in various parts of New Spain, are referred to this people, whose name, Toltec, has passed into a synonym for architect. Their shadowy history reminds us of those native races, who preceded the ancient Egyptians in the march of civilization; fragments of whose monuments, as they are seen at this day, incorporated with the buildings of the Egyptians themselves, give to these latter the appearance of almost modem construction. After a period of four centuries, the Toltecs, who had extended their sway over the remotest borders of Anahuac having been greatly reduced, it is said, by famine, pestilence, and unsuccessful wars, disappeared from the land as silently and mysteriously as they had entered it. After the lapse of another hundred years, a numerous and rude tribe, called the Chichemecs entered the deserted country from the regions of the far Northwest. They were speedily followed by other races of higher civilization, perhaps of the same family with the Toltecs, whose language they appear to have spoken. The most noted of these were the Aztecs or Mexicans, and the Acolhuans. The latter known in latter times by the name of Tezcucans, from their capital, Tezcuco, on the eastern border of the Mexican lake, were peculiarly fitted, by their comparatively mild religion and manners, for receiving the tincture of civilization which. could be derived from the Toltecs that still remained in the country. This, in tum, they communicated to the barbarous Chichemecs, a large portion of whom became amalgamated with the new settlers as one nation. The Mexicans, with whom our history is principally concerned, came, also as we have seen, from the remote regions of the North, -the populous hive of nations in the New World, as it has been in the Old They arrived on the borders of Anahuac, towards the beginning of the thirteenth century, sometime after the occupation of the land by the kindred races. For a long time they did not establish themselves in any parts of the Mexican Valley, enduring all the casualties and hardships of a migratory life. On one occasion, they were enslaved by a more powerful tribe but their ferocity soon made them formidable to their masters. After a series of wanderings and adventures, which need not shrink from comparison with the most extravagant legends of the heroic ages of antiquity, they at length halted on the southwestern borders of the principal lake, in the year 1325. They there beheld, perched on the stem of a prickly pear, which shot out from crevice of a rock that was washed by the waves, a royal eagle of extraordinary size and beauty, with a serpent in his talons, and his broad wings opened to the rising sun. They hailed the auspicious omen, announced by the oracle, as indicating the site of their future city, and laid its foundations by sinking piles into the shallows; for the low marshes were half buried under water. On these they erected their light fabrics of reeds and ruches; and sought a precarious subsistence from fishing, and from the wildfowl which the Waters, as well as from the cultivation of such simple vegetables as they could raise on their floating gardens. The place was called Tenochtitlan, in token of its miraculous origin, though only known to Europeans by its other name Mexico, derived from their war-god, Mexitli. The legend of its foundation is still further commemorated by the device of the eagle and the cactus, which form the arms of the modern Mexican republic. Such were the humble beginnings of the Venice of the Western World.
MEXICAN PINATAS The traditional Mexican celebration of birthday parties for children involving the breaking of the "Piñata" or "Cartoneria" (popular figurines made by craftsman utilizing cardboard, paper mache or newspapers) is one of the most anticipated activities awaiting families. The most popular figurines are now associated with Batman, Superman, Spider-Man, Nemo, the Lion King, etc. The Piñatas are usually filled with different sorts of candies that will be collected on the ground once a lucky child breaks it with a wooden stick. The Piñata is hung on a rope overhead and maneuvered to and fro' from side to side by two individuals oftentimes appearing on top of a roof or on top of a tree {about 10 to 20 feet apart) in order to challenge the children to look for it while they are blindfolded. The fun part comes when loud screams and yelling are heard to offer some form of direction as to the location of the Piñata so that children can swing hard at the moving object. All participants are given a specific amount of time to try and hit the Piñata starting with the youngest to the oldest ones in the party. As it often occurs, the older children are the victors who finally break the Piñata completely open with newspaper material scattered all around revealing the precious candy that is to be gathered at random by all the lucky participants. Hence, the triumphant kids are seen with bags of candies that they themselves collected while shoving others for them. The unlucky ones who collect some or literally no candies are usually taken care of by the promoters of the parties who stack candies separately so that they can have candy to enjoy, too. Vendors selling the popular characters, previously mentioned, in Mexico have been routinely apprehended by federal authorities who seize their illegal merchandize in violation of international copyright laws. Though these vendors are not familiar with copyright laws, they claim that this has been going on for decades without problems. After all, Mexico has been exporting popular Piñatas to the U.S. for many years. All that the vendors have had to do is to render full cooperation enforced by 'los federates' (federal officials) who force their infamous 'under the table' schemes known as "La Mordida." This Mexican traditional is now widespread throughout the U.S. as hordes of Mexican and American families buy Piñatas to celebrate birthdays, Christmas festivities and the "Posadas",4th of July, New Years Eve giving way to the new year, Mexican independence or 16th of September, and "Cinco de Mayo," etc. Hardly no one knows what a Piñata is all about. VII. The Origins of Mexico and its Builders. Centuries later, modem scholars offer us more in-depth studies into the vast continent of Mexico. William H. Prescott, perhaps the most famous historian of the Ancient Americans and the continent they inhabited long before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, shares the following perspective: Midway across the continent, somewhat nearer the Pacific than the Atlantic Ocean, at an elevation of nearly seven thousand five hundred feet, is the celebrated Valley of Mexico. Itis of an oval form, about sixty-seven leagues in circumference, and is encompassed by a towering rampart of porphyritic rock, which nature seems to have provided, though ineffectually, to protect it from invasion. The soil, once carpeted ·with a beautiful verdure, and thickly sprinkled with stately trees, is often bare, and, in many places, white with the incrustation of salts, caused by the draining of the waters. Five lakes are spread over the Valley, occupying one tenth of its surface. On the opposite borders of the largest of these basins, much shrunk in its dimensions since the days of the Aztecs, stood the cities of Mexico and Tezcuco, the capitals of the two most potent and flourishing states of Anahuac, whose history, with that of the mysterious races that preceded them in the country, exhibits some of the nearest approaches to civili2.ation to be met with anciently on the North American continent. Of these races, the most conspicuous were the Toltecs. Advancing from a northerly direction but from what region is uncertain, they entered the territory of Anahuac,. probably before the close of the seventh century. The Toltecs were well instructed in agriculture, and many of the most useful mechanic arts; were nice workers of metals; invented the complex arrangement of time adopted by the Aztecs; and, in short, were the true fountains of the civilization which distinguished this part of the continent in latter times. They established their capital at Tula, north of the Mexican Valley, and the remains of extensive buildings were to be discerned there at the time of the Conquest. The noble ruins of religious and other edifices still to be seen in various parts of New Spain, are referred to this people, whose name, Toltec, has passed into a synonym for architect. Their shadowy history reminds us of those native races, who preceded the ancient Egyptians in the march of civilization; fragments of whose monuments, as they are seen at this day, incorporated with the buildings of the Egyptians themselves, give to these latter the appearance of almost modem construction. After a period of four centuries, the Toltecs, who had extended their sway over the remotest borders of Anahuac having been greatly reduced, it is said, by famine, pestilence, and unsuccessful wars, disappeared from the land as silently and mysteriously as they had entered it. After the lapse of another hundred years, a numerous and rude tribe, called the Chichemecs entered the deserted country from the regions of the far Northwest. They were speedily followed by other races of higher civilization, perhaps of the same family with the Toltecs, whose language they appear to have spoken. The most noted of these were the Aztecs or Mexicans, and the Acolhuans. The latter known in latter times by the name of Tezcucans, from their capital, Tezcuco, on the eastern border of the Mexican lake, were peculiarly fitted, by their comparatively mild religion and manners, for receiving the tincture of civilization which. could be derived from the Toltecs that still remained in the country. This, in tum, they communicated to the barbarous Chichemecs, a large portion of whom became amalgamated with the new settlers as one nation. The Mexicans, with whom our history is principally concerned, came, also as we have seen, from the remote regions of the North, -the populous hive of nations in the New World, as it has been in the Old They arrived on the borders of Anahuac, towards the beginning of the thirteenth century, sometime after the occupation of the land by the kindred races. For a long time they did not establish themselves in any parts of the Mexican Valley, enduring all the casualties and hardships of a migratory life. On one occasion, they were enslaved by a more powerful tribe but their ferocity soon made them formidable to their masters. After a series of wanderings and adventures, which need not shrink from comparison with the most extravagant legends of the heroic ages of antiquity, they at length halted on the southwestern borders of the principal lake, in the year 1325. They there beheld, perched on the stem of a prickly pear, which shot out from crevice of a rock that was washed by the waves, a royal eagle of extraordinary size and beauty, with a serpent in his talons, and his broad wings opened to the rising sun. They hailed the auspicious omen, announced by the oracle, as indicating the site of their future city, and laid its foundations by sinking piles into the shallows; for the low marshes were half buried under water. On these they erected their light fabrics of reeds and ruches; and sought a precarious subsistence from fishing, and from the wildfowl which the Waters, as well as from the cultivation of such simple vegetables as they could raise on their floating gardens. The place was called Tenochtitlan, in token of its miraculous origin, though only known to Europeans by its other name Mexico, derived from their war-god, Mexitli. The legend of its foundation is still further commemorated by the device of the eagle and the cactus, which form the arms of the modern Mexican republic. Such were the humble beginnings of the Venice of the Western World.
Add to your knowledge of Latino/Hispanic diversity, attitudes, behaviors, and experiences to provide more effective services! Latino-Hispanic Liaisons and Visions for Human Behavior in the Social Environment dispels pervasive historical and contemporary misconceptions and inaccuracies and highlights the diversity of Latino/Hispanic experiences to help you provide more effective services to those clients. As editors Torres and Rivera point out, “Literature on Latinos/Hispanics reflects a dysfunctional and myopic cultural view in which they are often depicted in stereotypic characteristics and as a homogenous population.” In Latino-Hispanic Liaisons and Visions for Human Behavior in the Social Environment, you’ll find chapters examining: the social ecology of Mexican-American child development caregiver well-being among Cuban and Puerto Rican mothers of mentally retarded adults the adjustment process among Cuban refugee families one Southwestern community’s efforts to create a multiethnic neighborhood coalition against substance abuse a study of changes related to migration, family, and work in Caribbean women’s lives and much more!
This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of Islamic palace architecture in Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and southern Italy, presenting all known palace buildings in ground plans, sections and individual descriptions. The author traces their evolution from the 8th to the 19th century and places them within the context of the history of Islamic culture.
Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) have fascinated and bewildered humans throughout history. Their mammalian affinities have been long recognized, but exactly which group of terrestrial mammals they descend from has, until recently, remained in the dark. Recent decades have produced a flurry of new fossil cetaceans, extending their fossil history to over 50 million years ago. Along with new insights from genetics and developmental studies, these discoveries have helped to clarify the place of cetaceans among mammals, and enriched our understanding of their unique adaptations for feeding, locomotion and sensory systems. Their continuously improving fossil record and successive transformation into highly specialized marine mammals have made cetaceans a textbook case of evolution - as iconic in its own way as the origin of birds from dinosaurs. This book aims to summarize our current understanding of cetacean evolution for the serious student and interested amateur using photographs, drawings, charts and illustrations.
This book provides a survey for the gastric cancer surgeon. Two main chapters deal with resection and different types of reconstruction. Further contributions deal with clinical and pathological staging, imaging diagnostic tools, survival, and outcome after surgery, and adjuvant therapy. In particular the technique of the ileocolon interpositional graft for reconstruction is emphasized. This book is written for gastric surgeons, gastroenterologists, and oncologists. Numerous figures illustrate the different surgical techniques and explain the operative procedure step-by-step.
This book seeks to illuminate what China's Belt and Road initiative truly means for the global south, offering historical context and explaining the vision that the Chinese State has in coordinating actions in the territorial, political and economic spheres in a multilateral pretension. How does the BRI generate economic returns for China, and what are the political and economic impacts of the BRI? In this provocative and deeply researched new work, the authors provide a new framework for understanding the BRI, one which will be useful to scholars, policymakers and economists.
This book argues that democracies emerging from peaceful protest last longer, achieve higher levels of democratic quality, and are more likely to see at least two peaceful handovers of power than democracies that emerged out of violent resistance or top-down liberalization. Nonviolent resistance is not just an effective means of deposing dictators; it can also help consolidate democracy after the transition from autocratic rule. Drawing on case studies on democratic consolidation in Africa and Latin America, the authors find that nonviolent resistance creates a more inclusive transition process that is more resistant to democratic breakdown in the long term.
Beneath the glitz and glamor of Kyusi, the country’s City of Stars, there lurks insidious violence. In four thought-provoking and thrilling stories, dauntless lady crime fighter SJ Tuason combines brain with brawn as she seeks to solve the cases of an ex-financial scammer murdered in a public park; a Queen Amidala cosplayer left dead among talahib; faceless corpses in abandoned places; a young matinee idol killed in the slums; and the long-unsolved death of her father. But given outmoded equipment and the overpowering patriarchy, will the victims ever get justice?
Scientific advances and several technical breakthroughs have led to a remarkable increase in available laser intensities over the past decades. In available ultra-intense laser fields, photon fluxes may become so high that free charge carriers interact coherently with several of the field's photons. In this thesis such nonlinear interactions are investigated for the prime example of radiation emission by electrons scattered from intense laser pulses of arbitrary temporal structure. To this end, nonlinear quantum field theory is employed taking the interaction with the laser into account exactly. After an in-depth introduction to classical particle dynamics as well as quantum field theory in nonlinearly intense laser fields the emission of one and two photons is explicitly analyzed. The results are then translated to viable technical applications, such as a scheme for the determination of the carrier-envelope phase of ultra-intense laser pulses and a proposal for detecting the strongly suppressed two-photon signal.
Collection of essays representing the analysis and policy proposals of a wide range of economists, and dealing with many contentious issues about the re-structuring strategies of Latin American debtor countries, their economic and political adjustments, and schemes for external financing. Visits to customers by a cross-functional team of marketers and engineers play an important role in new product development, entry into new markets, and in exploring customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The new edition of this widely used professional resource provides step-by-step instructions for making effective use of this market research technique. Using a wealth of specific examples, Edward F. McQuarrie explains how to set feasible objectives and how to select the right number of the right kind of customers to visit. One of the leading experts in the field, McQuarrie demonstrates how to construct a discussion guide and how to devise good questions, and offers practical advice on how to conduct face-to-face interviews. Extensively updated throughout, this third edition includes three new chapters as well as expanded coverage of the analysis of visit data. It also discusses which industries and product categories are most (and least) suitable to the customer visit technique. The author also covers how the customer visit technique compares to other market research techniques such as focus groups.
Primary liver cancer occurs when cancerous (malignant) cells begin to grow in the tissues of liver. Although many cancers are on the decline, the incidence of primary liver cancer in the United States increased over 70 percent between 1975 and 1995. The increase is linked to rising rates of hepatitis B and C infection -- the leading causes of liver cancer. Far more common than primary liver cancer, however, is cancer that occurs when tumours from other parts of the body spread (metastasize) to the liver. The liver is especially vulnerable to invasion by tumour cells and with the exception of the lymph nodes, is the most common site of metastasis. There are two main kinds of liver cancer. Hepatoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Heptoma is cancer of the hepatocytes. (The main functioning liver cell). Hepatoma is primary liver cancer. Hepatoma usually grows in the liver as a ball-like tumour, invading the normal tissue surrounding it. Cancer of the bile duct cells is called cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma originates in the bile ducts and is often caused by infestation with the liver fluke Clonorchis (a parasite). The cancer grows along the bile ducts in sheets or lines, and is difficult to find on X-ray studies. This book presents the latest new research developments from around the world in the field of liver cancer.
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