This work is a translation into English of the Third Edition of the classic German language work Mengenlehre by Felix Hausdorff published in 1937. From the Preface (1937): “The present book has as its purpose an exposition of the most important theorems of the theory of sets, along with complete proofs, so that the reader should not find it necessary to go outside this book for supplementary details while, on the other hand, the book should enable him to undertake a more detailed study of the voluminous literature on the subject. The book does not presuppose any mathematical knowledge beyond the differential and integral calculus, but it does require a certain maturity in abstract reasoning; qualified college seniors and first year graduate students should have no difficulty in making the material their own … The mathematician will … find in this book some things that will be new to him, at least as regards formal presentation and, in particular, as regards the strengthening of theorems, the simplification of proofs, and the removal of unnecessary hypotheses.”
Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, published his last paper on sets in 1897. In 1900, David Hilbert made Cantor's Continuum Problem and the challenge of well-ordering the real numbers the first problem in his famous Paris lecture. It was time for the appearance of the second generation of Cantorians. They emerged in the decade 1900-1909, and foremost among them were Ernst Zermelo and Felix Hausdorff. Zermelo isolated the Choice Principle, proved that every set could be well-ordered, and axiomatized the concept of set. He became the father of abstract set theory. Hausdorff eschewed foundations and pursued set theory as part of the mathematical arsenal. He was recognized as the era's leading Cantorian. From 1901-1909, Hausdorff published seven articles in which he created a representation theory for ordered sets and investigated sets of real sequences partially ordered by eventual dominance, together with their maximally ordered subsets. These papers are translated and appear in this volume. Each is accompanied by an introductory essay. These highly accessible works are of historical significance, not only for set theory, but also for model theory, analysis and algebra.
Contains such topics as Symmetric Sets, Principle of Duality, most of the 'Algebra' of Sets, Partially Ordered Sets, Arbitrary Sets of Complexes, Normal Types, Initial and Final Ordering, Complexes of Real Numbers, General Topological Spaces, Euclidean Spaces, and the Special Methods Applicable in the Euclidean Plane.
Band 5 umfaßt die Themenbereiche Astronomie, Optik und Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. Er enthält Hausdorffs Dissertation über die Refraktion des Lichtes in der Atmosphäre, zwei Folgearbeiten zum gleichen Thema sowie die Habilitationsschrift über die Extinktion des Lichtes in der Atmosphäre. Es folgt eine Arbeit über geometrische Optik, die unmittelbar an die berühmte Publikation von H. Bruns über das Eikonal anschließt und in der Hausdorff die damals ganz neuen Lieschen Theorien für die Optik nutzbar zu machen suchte. Auf dem Gebiet der Stochastik veröffentlichte Hausdorff zwei längere Arbeiten, die in verschiedenen Bereichen der Versicherungsmathematik und der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung ihre Spuren hinterlassen haben. Von besonderem historischen Interesse sind die im Band publizierten Stücke aus Hausdorffs Nachlaß, etwa seine Vorlesung "Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung" vom Sommersemester 1923 oder seine Briefe an Richard von Mises aus dem Jahre 1919.
Der Mathematiker Hausdorff hat in seinem 1914 erschienen Buch „Mengenlehre" erstmals den damals aktuellen Stand auf dem Gebiet der deskriptiven Mengenlehre dargestellt. Neben diesem Werk, das von Experten sorgfältig kommentiert wurde, präsentiert der 3. Band der Hausdorff-Edition seine veröffentlichten Arbeiten zur deskriptiven Mengenlehre und Topologie sowie zahlreiche Studien aus dem Nachlass. Darunter u. a. seine originelle Vorlesung im Sommersemester 1933 über algebraische Topologie.
Der Band 1A beginnt mit einem Vorwort zur Gesamtedition. Den Hauptteil des Bandes bilden Hausdorffs Arbeiten über geordnete Mengen aus den Jahren 1901-1909. Diese haben der Entwicklung der Mengenlehre nachhaltige Impulse verliehen. Sie enthalten zahlreiche für die Untersuchung geordneter Mengen grundlegende neue Begriffe sowie tiefliegendere Resultate. Alle diese Arbeiten sind sorgfältig kommentiert. Die Kommentare zeigen, dass einige von Hausdorff's Ideen und Resultaten für die moderne Grundlagenforschung hochaktuell sind. Ferner enthält der Band Hausdorff's kritische Besprechung von Russells "The Principles of Mathematics", aus dem Nachlass seine Vorlesung "Mengenlehre" von 1901 (eine der ersten Vorlesungen über dieses Gebiet überhaupt) sowie einen Essay "Hausdorff als akademischer Lehrer".
Felix Hausdorff war nicht nur einer der herausragenden Mathematiker des ersten Drittels des 20. Jahrhunderts, sondern unter Pseudonym auch Verfasser eines Aphorismenbandes, eines erkenntniskritischen Buches, eines Gedichtbandes, eines Theaterstücks und zahlreicher literarischer und philosophischer Essays. Der Band enthält alle Briefe von und an Hausdorff, die bisher in Bibliotheken und Archiven in aller Welt aufgefunden werden konnten. Unter seinen Korrespondenzpartnern sind neben bedeutenden Mathematikern auch Philosophen, Schriftsteller, Künstler und Feuilletonisten. Die gesamte Korrespondenz ist sorgfältig kommentiert. Jeder Korrespondenzpartner wird dem Leser mit einer Kurzbiographie vorgestellt.
Das Buch gibt einen breiten Überblick über Hausdorffs mathematisches, philosophisches und literarisches Werk. Es zeichnet seine Lebensgeschichte und seine Beziehungen zu bedeutenden Mathematikern, Philosophen, Literaten und Künstlern nach und behandelt sein tragisches Schicksal unter der nationalsozialistischen Diktatur. Das Buch ist die erste ausführliche Biographie dieses ganz ungewöhnlichen Menschen und Wissenschaftlers. Es enthält einen umfangreichen Abbildungsteil und zahlreiche Zitate aus Briefen und anderen Originaldokumenten.
Felix Hausdorff gehört zu den herausragenden Mathematikern der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts. Er hinterließ einen ungewöhnlich reichhaltigen Korpus wissenschaftlicher Manuskripe. Sein Gesamtwerk soll nun in 9 Bänden, jeweils mit detaillierten Kommentaren, herausgegeben werden. Der vorliegende Band II enthält Hausdorffs wohl wichtigstes Werk, die "Grundzüge der Mengenlehre" Dieses Buch gehört zu den Klassikern der mathematischen Literatur und hat auf die Entwicklung der Mathematik im 20. Jahrhundert einen bedeutenden Einfluß ausgeübt. Daher erschien es geboten, ausführliche Kommentare beizufügen. In diesen Kommentaren werden vor allem die bedeutenden originellen Beiträge, die Hausdorff in den "Grundzügen" zur Topologie, allgemeinen und deskriptiven Mengenlehre geleistet hat, eingehend behandelt. Insbesondere wird versucht, Hausdorffs Leistungen in die historische Entwicklung einzuordnen und ihre jeweilige Wirkungsgeschichte zu skizzieren.
Georg Cantor, the founder of set theory, published his last paper on sets in 1897. In 1900, David Hilbert made Cantor's Continuum Problem and the challenge of well-ordering the real numbers the first problem in his famous Paris lecture. It was time for the appearance of the second generation of Cantorians. They emerged in the decade 1900-1909, and foremost among them were Ernst Zermelo and Felix Hausdorff. Zermelo isolated the Choice Principle, proved that every set could be well-ordered, and axiomatized the concept of set. He became the father of abstract set theory. Hausdorff eschewed foundations and pursued set theory as part of the mathematical arsenal. He was recognized as the era's leading Cantorian. From 1901-1909, Hausdorff published seven articles in which he created a representation theory for ordered sets and investigated sets of real sequences partially ordered by eventual dominance, together with their maximally ordered subsets. These papers are translated and appear in this volume. Each is accompanied by an introductory essay. These highly accessible works are of historical significance, not only for set theory, but also for model theory, analysis and algebra.
Rational homotopy theory is a subfield of algebraic topology. Written by three authorities in the field, this book contains all the main theorems of the field with complete proofs. As both notation and techniques of rational homotopy theory have been considerably simplified, the book presents modern elementary proofs for many results that were proven ten or fifteen years ago.
Accompanying DVD-ROM contains the electronic proceedings of the summer school on mathematical general relativity and global properties of solutions of Einstein's equations held at Cargèse, Corsica, France, July 20-Aug. 10, 2002.
State Estimation for Dynamic Systems presents the state of the art in this field and discusses a new method of state estimation. The method makes it possible to obtain optimal two-sided ellipsoidal bounds for reachable sets of linear and nonlinear control systems with discrete and continuous time. The practical stability of dynamic systems subjected to disturbances can be analyzed, and two-sided estimates in optimal control and differential games can be obtained. The method described in the book also permits guaranteed state estimation (filtering) for dynamic systems in the presence of external disturbances and observation errors. Numerical algorithms for state estimation and optimal control, as well as a number of applications and examples, are presented. The book will be an excellent reference for researchers and engineers working in applied mathematics, control theory, and system analysis. It will also appeal to pure and applied mathematicians, control engineers, and computer programmers.
The main item in the present volume was published in 1930 under the title Das Unendliche in der Mathematik und seine Ausschaltung. It was at that time the fullest systematic account from the standpoint of Husserl's phenomenology of what is known as 'finitism' (also as 'intuitionism' and 'constructivism') in mathematics. Since then, important changes have been required in philosophies of mathematics, in part because of Kurt Godel's epoch-making paper of 1931 which established the essential in completeness of arithmetic. In the light of that finding, a number of the claims made in the book (and in the accompanying articles) are demon strably mistaken. Nevertheless, as a whole it retains much of its original interest and value. It presents the issues in the foundations of mathematics that were under debate when it was written (and in some cases still are); , and it offers one alternative to the currently dominant set-theoretical definitions of the cardinal numbers and other arithmetical concepts. While still a student at the University of Vienna, Felix Kaufmann was greatly impressed by the early philosophical writings (especially by the Logische Untersuchungen) of Edmund Husser!' He was never an uncritical disciple of Husserl, and he integrated into his mature philosophy ideas from a wide assortment of intellectual sources. But he thought of himself as a phenomenologist, and made frequent use in all his major publications of many of Husserl's logical and epistemological theses.
The main goal of this book is to provide an overview of the state of the art in the mathematical modeling of complex fluids, with particular emphasis on its thermodynamical aspects. The central topics of the text, the modeling, analysis and numerical simulation of complex fluids, are of great interest and importance both for the understanding of various aspects of fluid dynamics and for its applications to special real-world problems. New emerging trends in the subject are highlighted with the intent to inspire and motivate young researchers and PhD students.
This book employs nonequilibrium quantum transport, based on the use of mixed Hilbert space representations and real time quantum superfield transport theory, to explain various topological phases of systems with entangled chiral degrees of freedom. It presents an entirely new perspective on topological systems, entanglement-induced localization and delocalization, integer quantum Hall effect (IQHE), fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE), and its respective spectral zones in the Hofstadter butterfly spectrum. A simple and powerful, intuitive, and wide-ranging perspective on chiral transport dynamics.
This book presents the first comprehensive treatment of discrete phase-space quantum mechanics and the lattice Weyl-Wigner formulation of energy band dynamics, by the originator of these theoretical techniques. The author's quantum superfield theoretical formulation of nonequilibrium quantum physics is given in real time, without the awkward use of artificial time contour employed in previous formulations. These two main quantum theoretical techniques combine to yield general (including quasiparticle-pairing dynamics) and exact quantum transport equations in phase-space, appropriate for nanodevices. The derivation of transport formulas in mesoscopic physics from the general quantum transport equations is also treated. Pioneering nanodevices are discussed in the light of the quantum-transport physics equations, and an in-depth treatment of the physics of resonant tunneling devices is given. Operator Hilbert-space methods and quantum tomography are discussed. Discrete phase-space quantum mechanics on finite fields is treated for completeness and by virtue of its relevance to quantum computing. The phenomenological treatment of evolution superoperator and measurements is given to help clarify the general quantum transport theory. Quantum computing and information theory is covered to demonstrate the foundational aspects of discrete quantum dynamics, particularly in deriving a complete set of multiparticle entangled basis states.
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