This paper sets out a detailed quantitative analysis, based on standard econometric models, of the trade trends in the CIS countries, focusing on its low-income members; as well examining the nature of the existing CIS intra-bloc trade. Findings include that overall, progress in the trade area was slower in the low-income economies (CIS-7) than in the higher income CIS members, reflected in lower overall export level and slower export growth, a higher trade deficit, and a lower share of manufacturing exports. On balance, the CIS free trade area is a beneficial, trade-facilitating bloc, although the potential benefits of CIS trade integration remain badly underutilised.
This paper sets out a detailed quantitative analysis, based on standard econometric models, of the trade trends in the CIS countries, focusing on its low-income members; as well examining the nature of the existing CIS intra-bloc trade. Findings include that overall, progress in the trade area was slower in the low-income economies (CIS-7) than in the higher income CIS members, reflected in lower overall export level and slower export growth, a higher trade deficit, and a lower share of manufacturing exports. On balance, the CIS free trade area is a beneficial, trade-facilitating bloc, although the potential benefits of CIS trade integration remain badly underutilised.
Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures analyzes contemporary theoretical models at the micro- and macro levels of material structure. Its coverage of practical methods and approaches, experimental results, and optimization of composite material properties and structural component performance can be put to practical use by researchers and engineers. The fourth edition has been updated to reflect new manufacturing processes (such as 3D printing of two matrix composite structural elements) and new theories developed by the authors. The authors have expanded the content of advanced topic areas with new chapters on axisymmetric deformation of composite shells of revolution, composite pressure vessels, and anisogrid composite lattice structures. This revision includes enhanced sections on optimal design of laminated plates and additional examples of the finite element modelling of composite structures and numerical methods. Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, Fourth edition is unique in that it addresses a wide range of advanced problems in the mechanics of composite materials, such as the physical statistical aspects of fiber strength, stress diffusion in composites with damaged fibers, nonlinear elasticity, and composite pressure vessels to name a few. It also provides the foundation for traditional basic composite material mechanics, making it one of the most comprehensive references on this topic. Presents advanced material on composite structures, including chapters on composite pressure vessels and axisymmetric deformation of composite shells of revolution Provides the applications of composite materials to spacecraft, aircraft and marine included throughout Practical examples of analysis and design of real composite structural components
This book is dedicated to field emission electronics, a promising field at the interface between “classic” vacuum electronics and nanotechnology. In addition to theoretical models, it includes detailed descriptions of experimental and research techniques and production technologies for different types of field emitters based on various construction principles. It particularly focuses on research into and production of field cathodes and electron guns using recently developed nanomaterials and carbon nanotubes. Further, it discusses the applications of field emission cathodes in new technologies such as light sources, flat screens, microwave and X-ray devices.
This book deals with the problems and methods of paleohydrogeolo gy in relation to ore deposit studies. It presents a description of dif ferent techniques used in the course of structural-paleohydrogeologi cal, paleo hydrogeochemical and paleo hydro geothermal investiga tions. It also provides itlformation on the regular, regional patterns of formation and subsequent distribution of ground water within dif ferent shells of the Earth. The main aspects of metal content of ground water and contemporary processes of ore genesis are discuss ed. Ore deposits are classified according to paleohydrogeological con ditions under which they were formed. The readers are acquainted with paleohydrogeological analysis of these conditions for different types of ore deposits, namely (1) ore deposits formed in artesian basins, in which sedimentary rocks were predominant both at the time of magmatic activity and in the periods free of this activity; (2) ore deposits formed in artesian, ad artesian basins (and admassifs) characterized by extensive development of volcanic rocks and magmatic activity; (3) ore deposits that originated in hydrogeological massifs (and admassifs) in the process of formation of linear weather ing crusts. This book, which should be of great interest to geologists engaged in prospecting for and exploration and study of ore minerals, also in cludes 38 tables, 60 illustrations and a bibliography of 450 titles. EVGENY A. BASKOV Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Science of Paleohydrogeology and Its Objectives in Ore Deposit Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Principal Distribution Patterns of Contemporary Ground Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2. 1 Notion of Hydrosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structural Elements analyzes contemporary theoretical models at the micro- and macro levels of material structure. Its coverage of practical methods and approaches, experimental results, and optimization of composite material properties and structural component performance can be put to practical use by researchers and engineers. The third edition of the book consists of twelve chapters progressively covering all structural levels of composite materials from their constituents through elementary plies and layers to laminates and laminated composite structural elements. All-new coverage of beams, plates and shells adds significant currency to researchers. Composite materials have been the basis of many significant breakthroughs in industrial applications, particularly in aerospace structures, over the past forty years. Their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios are the main material characteristics that attract the attention of the structural and design engineers. Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structural Elements helps ensure that researchers and engineers can continue to innovate in this vital field. Detailed physical and mathematical coverage of complex mechanics and analysis required in actual applications – not just standard homogeneous isotropic materials Environmental and manufacturing discussions enable practical implementation within manufacturing technology, experimental results, and design specifications Discusses material behavior impacts in-depth such as nonlinear elasticity, plasticity, creep, structural nonlinearity enabling research and application of the special problems of material micro- and macro-mechanics
Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace presents a comprehensive examination of the self-consistent processes leading to multiscale electromagnetic and plasma structures in the magnetosphere and ionosphere near the plasmapause, particularly in the auroral and subauroral geospace. It utilizes simulations and a large number of relevant in situ measurements conducted by the most recent satellite missions, as well as ground-based optical and radar observations to verify the conclusions and analysis. Including several case studies of observations related to prominent geospacer events, the book also provides experimental and numerical results throughout the chapters to further enhance understanding of how the same physical mechanisms produce different phenomena at different regions of the near-Earth space environment. Additionally, the comprehensive description of mechanisms responsible for space weather effects will give readers a broad foundation of wave and particle processes in the near-Earth magnetosphere. As such, Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace Nonlinear Wave and Plasma Structures in the Auroral and Subauroral Geospace is a cutting-edge reference for space physicists looking to better understand plasma physics in geospace. Presents a unified approach to wave and particle phenomena occurring in the auroral and subauroral geospace Summarizes the most current theoretical concepts related to the generation of the large-scale electric field near the plasmapause by flows of hot plasma from the reconnection site Includes case studies of the observations related to the most “famous events during the last 20 years as well as a large number of experimental and numerical results illustrated throughout the text
In this book the eminent authors analyse the ice cover variability in the Arctic Seas during the 20th and early 21st centuries. In the first two chapters, they show that multi-year changes of the sea-ice extent in the Arctic Seas were formed by linear trends and long-term (climatic) cycles lasting about 10, 20 and 60 years. The structure of temporal variability of the western region (Greenland – Kara) differs significantly from the eastern region seas (Laptev and Chukchi). In the latter region, unlike the former area, relatively short-period cycles (up to 10 years) predominate. The linear trends can be related to a super-secular cycle of climatic changes over about 200 years. The most significant of these cycles, lasting 60 years, is most pronounced in the western region seas.
This book gives you an in-depth look into the critical function of interference shielding for onboard radar of anti-aircraft missile systems. Intended for radar engineers and technicians specializing in anti-aircraft defense, the book reviews today’s military and geo-political threats, helps you understand the functional needs of the various radar and anti-missile systems to meet those threats, and synthesizes considerations for devising practical and effective protection against interferences that affect the homing heads of anti-aircraft guided missiles. Three problematic interferences are presented and discussed in detail: polarization interference; interference to the sidelobe of onboard antennas; and interference from two points in space, including interference reflected from the earth (water) surface. The book covers the basic principles of radiolocation, including monopulse radars, and gives insight into the fundamental functional units of anti-aircraft missiles and surface-to-air missile systems. The book presents guidance methods, systems of direction finding, problems on firing over the horizon, and questions of accuracy and resolution – all important for better addressing solutions of interference shielding. You will learn how to estimate the stability of target auto-tracking under conditions of cited interferences, and better assess existing limitations on firing over the horizon by a long-range antiaircraft system, as well as hypersonic targets and satellites. This is a unique and valuable resource for engineers and technicians who are involved in the design and development of anti-aircraft guided missile systems, with special emphasis on interference immunity and protection. It can also be used as a textbook in advanced radar technology coursework and seminars.
Composite materials have been representing most significant breakthroughs in various industrial applications, particularly in aerospace structures, during the past thirty five years. The primary goal of Advanced Mechanics of Composite Materials is the combined presentation of advanced mechanics, manufacturing technology, and analysis of composite materials. This approach lets the engineer take into account the essential mechanical properties of the material itself and special features of practical implementation, including manufacturing technology, experimental results, and design characteristics. Giving complete coverage of the topic: from basics and fundamentals to the advanced analysis including practical design and engineering applications. At the same time including a detailed and comprehensive coverage of the contemporary theoretical models at the micro- and macro- levels of material structure, practical methods and approaches, experimental results, and optimisation of composite material properties and component performance. The authors present the results of more than 30 year practical experience in the field of design and analysis of composite materials and structures. * Eight chapters progressively covering all structural levels of composite materials from their components through elementary plies and layers to laminates* Detailed presentation of advanced mechanics of composite materials * Emphasis on nonlinear material models (elasticity, plasticity, creep) and structural nonlinearity
This book is concerned with the topical problems of mechanics of advanced composite materials whose mechanical properties are controlled by high-strength and high-stiffness continuous fibers embedded in polymeric, metal, or ceramic matrix. Although the idea of combining two or more components to produce materials with controlled properties has been known and used from time immemorial, modern composites were only developed several decades ago and have now found intensive application in different fields of engineering, particularly in aerospace structures for which high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios are required. There already exist numerous publications that cover anisotropic elasticity, mechanics of composite materials, design, analysis, fabrication, and application of composite structures but the difference between this book and the existing ones is that this is of a more specific nature. It covers specific features of material behaviour such as nonlinear elasticity, plasticity, creep, and structural nonlinearity and discusses in detail the problems of material micro- and macro-mechanics that are only slightly touched in existing books, e.g. stress diffusion in a unidirectional material with broken fibers, physical and statistical aspects of fiber strength, coupling effects in anisotropic and laminated materials, etc. The authors are designers of composite structures who were involved in practically all the main Soviet and then Russian projects in composite technology, and the permission of the Russian Composite Center - Central Institute of Special Machinery (CRISM) to use in this book the pictures of structures developed and fabricated in CRISM as part of the joint research and design project is much appreciated. Mechanics and Analysis of Composite Materials consists of eight chapters progressively covering all structural levels of composite materials from their components through elementary plies and layers to laminates.
This book highlights the basics of crystal optics methods and refractive index (RI) measurement techniques in various solids, as well as their scientific and technological applications. In addition to new techniques for cases when traditional techniques are impractical, such as for highly refracting powders, anomalous dispersion of light in the studied solid, or for colloids, it also describes conventional methods of RI measurement.
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