The International Monetary Fund under Constraint exposes a legal dilemma facing the IMF as it tackles international crisis management. Using the Asian crisis - and more particularly economic and political events in Indonesia - as an example, this volume examines whether the Fund's activities in Asia were legally justified. The results of this analysis lead to the following question: What future role can the IMF play in the international financial architecture? The principles of international law and the legal foundations of the Fund are used to analyse the reform suggestions of economic experts and to find a suitable concept for future IMF involvement in financial crises and crises prevention. This volume is a long-overdue legal analysis of IMF activities. It presents the combination of law and economics which was originally at the heart of the IMF but which so far has been ignored in today's reform discussion.
Eye On History: The Golden Collection includes articles from the Eye on History newspaper Column from 1979 to 2021. It traces African history from the earliest times in ancient Africa to people and events in America. The goal of this book is to present little-known information about African and African American history that has been excluded from many textbooks. African people were world travelers. Their presence can be found in ancient China, Germany, Europe, Italy, and Russia. Archaeologists have found evidence that civilization itself began on the continent of Africa. African people touched the world and left their imprint on art, culture, and history. This book is referred to as the “Golden Collection” because in writing these articles it was like discovering gold. It was new information that took hours and hours of research that led to the rare book room at the local library and to the history museum. The pages of old manuscripts and books long forgotten were sources of much of the information in this book. It is the hope of this writer that this book will be used by educators, students, parents, and others as a resource to learn more about African and African American history.
This book highlights the theoretical foundations of and experimental techniques in photothermal heating and applications involving nanoscale heat generation using gold nanostructures embedded in various media. The experimental techniques presented involve a combination of nanothermometers doped with rare-earth atoms, plasmonic heaters and near-field microscopy. The theoretical foundations are based on the Maxwell’s and heat diffusion equations. In particular, the working principle and application of AlGaN:Er3+ film, Er2O3 nanoparticles and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals for nanothermometry based on Er3+ emission are discussed. The relationship between superheated liquid and bubble formation for optically excited nanostructures and the effects of the surrounding medium and solution properties on light absorption and scattering are presented. The application of Er2O3 and β-NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals to study the temperature of optically heated gold nanoparticles is also presented. In closing, the book presents a new thermal imaging technique combining near-field microscopy and Er3+ photoluminescence spectroscopy to monitor the photothermal heating and steady-state sub-diffraction local temperature of optically excited gold nanostructures.
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