Scholars continue to dispute the foundations of Quakerism. James Nayler, his prophetic Bristol 'sign' of 1656, and George Fox's relation to him have been of especial interest in defining the movement's identity. Conventionally, historians and theologians have taken either a 'traditional' approach, which assesses Nayler by the standards of orthodoxy, or a 'revisionist' one, which absolves him by the standards of early Quaker relativism and Christology. This study by Euan David McArthur mediates between these positions, finding that Nayler and Fox developed an ambiguous theology, but adopted a consistent approach to Quaker performances. The latter dissuaded against performances such as Nayler's 'sign'; Nayler is argued, instead, to have diverged from other Quaker leaders following disputations between 1655 and 1656. The lessons his person and actions hold for us are concluded to be complex, but worthy of study for a wide range of historians and thinkers.
A case study of the relationship between arts and cultural policy and nationalism, Scotland, CEMA and the Arts Council, 1919-1967: Background, Politics and Visual Art Policy examines the overlooked significance of Scotland in the development of British arts policy and institutions. This study is broadly relevant in an era of political devolution, which continues to pose questions for the constituent nations of Britain and their sense of self- and collective identities. Euan McArthur provides a clear account of the background to and evolution of the Council for the Encouragement of Music and the Arts (CEMA) and the Arts Council of Great Britain (ACGB) in Scotland up to the formation of the Scottish Arts Council (SAC) in 1967. He also presents a study of Scottish visual art policy and activities between 1940 and 1967, assessing the successes and failures of visual art policy in Scotland, including the degree to which it evolved differently from England. This development, leading to the re-naming of the Scottish Committee of the ACGB as the SAC, prepared the way for the expansion of activities that marked the 1970s and after. Based on extensive archival research, this book brings to light previously unavailable material, not covered in existing accounts of CEMA/ACGB.
English in Urban Classrooms is a ground-breaking text that spans a range of issues central to school English today. It extends not only to the spoken and written language of classrooms, but also to other modes of representation and communication that are important in English teaching. This includes image, gesture, gaze, movement and spatial organisation. The team of experienced and expert authors collectively examine how English is shaped by policy, institutions and the social relations of the classroom. By connecting issues of policy and social context, the book provides a detailed account of factors such as: the characteristics of urban multi-cultural schools teacher formation and tradition the ethos of school English departments the institutional changes that have shaped school English in urban classrooms students' experiences of learning. This book offers a fascinating and enlightening read, not only to those involved in English teaching, but also to educational researchers, policymakers, linguists and those interested in semiotics and multi-modality.
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