In this chapter, the problem of sustainability of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and the principles of green chemistry are outlined. In particular, the need for secure and environmentally safe solvents (ESSs) is pointed out. There are several ESS alternatives under study nowadays, like ionic liquids, polymeric solvents, and simple liquids like fatty esters; however, an increasing attention is being paid to supercritical fluids (SCFs) for a wide variety of applications in the chemical and pharmaceutical as well as in the materials and electronic industry. In the present chapter after an introduction to the fundamentals of SCF extraction, PEE principles are applied to several case studies of SCF—substrate mixtures of natural products with different types of phase behavior. Finally the application of SCF for supercritical micronization is reviewed and a case study is presented.
Traditionally, the teaching of phase equilibria emphasizes the relationships between the thermodynamic variables of each phase in equilibrium rather than its engineering applications. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. Phase Equilibrium Engineering presents a systematic study and application of phase equilibrium tools to the development of chemical processes. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design and optimization is analyzed. The relation between the mixture molecular properties, the selection of the thermodynamic model and the process technology that could be applied are discussed. A classification of mixtures, separation process, thermodynamic models and technologies is presented to guide the engineer in the world of separation processes. The phase condition required for a given reacting system is studied at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The four cardinal points of phase equilibrium engineering are: the chemical plant or process, the laboratory, the modeling of phase equilibria and the simulator. The harmonization of all these components to obtain a better design or operation is the ultimate goal of phase equilibrium engineering. - Methodologies are discussed using relevant industrial examples - The molecular nature and composition of the process mixture is given a key role in process decisions - Phase equilibrium diagrams are used as a drawing board for process implementation
Phase Equilibrium Engineering, Second Edition presents a systematic and fully updated study of the application of phase equilibrium tools to the development of chemical processes. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design, and optimization are analyzed. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. In this second edition, the authors have thoroughly updated all chapters with new sections and case studies and added new chapters relating to their expertise and newest experimental work in high pressure labs and modelling of behavior of complex mixtures. Traditionally, the teaching of phase equilibria emphasizes the relationships between the thermodynamic variables of each phase in equilibrium rather than its engineering applications. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design, and optimization is analyzed. The relation between the mixture molecular properties, the selection of the thermodynamic model and the process technology that could be applied are discussed. A classification of mixtures, separation process, thermodynamic models and technologies is presented to guide the engineer in the world of separation processes. The phase condition required for a given reacting system is studied at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The four cardinal points of phase equilibrium engineering are: the chemical plant or process, the laboratory, the modeling of phase equilibria and the simulator. The harmonization of all these components to obtain a better design or operation is the goal of phase equilibrium engineering. - Methodologies are discussed using relevant industrial examples - The molecular nature and composition of the process mixture is given a key role in process decisions - Phase equilibrium diagrams are used as a drawing board for process implementationNew to this edition: - More focus on high pressure lab work and thermodynamic modelling of behavior of complex mixtures with two new chapters included - Existing chapters fully updated where appropriate and strengthened further with new case studies and research
Phase equilibrium knowledge is required for the design of all sorts of chemical processes that may involve separations, reactions, fluids flow, particle micronization, etc. Indeed, different phase behavior scenarios are required for a rational conceptual process design. The aim of this chapter is to present the possible fluid mixture phase behavior that can be found in binary, ternary, and multicomponent systems. Moreover, representation of phase behavior in terms of phase diagrams is discussed. Dealing with phase diagrams of complex mixtures is not an easy task for beginners; however, very simple concepts are behind the rules for their construction. Phase diagrams are essential tools for phase equilibrium engineering as they provide valuable hints to understand the process and to assess the feasible and optimum operating regions. In this chapter, the “phenomenological” meaning of each phase behavior and its relation with molecular properties is discussed. A special attention is given to binary system phase behavior. Even though, in practice we rarely found such simple mixtures, they furnish a great deal of information for the understanding of multicomponent systems.
Traditionally, the teaching of phase equilibria emphasizes the relationships between the thermodynamic variables of each phase in equilibrium rather than its engineering applications. This book changes the focus from the use of thermodynamics relationships to compute phase equilibria to the design and control of the phase conditions that a process needs. Phase Equilibrium Engineering presents a systematic study and application of phase equilibrium tools to the development of chemical processes. The thermodynamic modeling of mixtures for process development, synthesis, simulation, design and optimization is analyzed. The relation between the mixture molecular properties, the selection of the thermodynamic model and the process technology that could be applied are discussed. A classification of mixtures, separation process, thermodynamic models and technologies is presented to guide the engineer in the world of separation processes. The phase condition required for a given reacting system is studied at subcritical and supercritical conditions. The four cardinal points of phase equilibrium engineering are: the chemical plant or process, the laboratory, the modeling of phase equilibria and the simulator. The harmonization of all these components to obtain a better design or operation is the ultimate goal of phase equilibrium engineering. Methodologies are discussed using relevant industrial examples The molecular nature and composition of the process mixture is given a key role in process decisions Phase equilibrium diagrams are used as a drawing board for process implementation
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