The book examines if and to what extent the proliferation of direct military assistance on the request of a recognized government is changing the rules regulating the use of force. Since the end of the Cold War, several (sub)regional organizations in Africa have codified military assistance on request in their respective treaty frameworks. In addition, in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Mali, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, and Yemen, internationally recognized governments embroiled in protracted armed conflicts have requested direct military assistance from individual States or groups of States. These requests are often accepted by the other States, and at times the United Nations Security Council, even when the requesting governments have very limited effective control over their territories, lack democratic legitimacy, and are engaged in wide-spread and systematic violations of international human rights, and humanitarian law.0 This book departs from a definition of requested military assistance that refers to the exercise of forcible measures by third-State armed forces or those controlled by an international organisation in the territory of the requesting State. It then examines the authority to issue a request for (or consent to) direct military assistance, as well as the type of situations in which such assistance may be requested?notably whether it can be requested during a civil war (armed conflict). De Wet finishes by examining the important and controversial question of whether, and to what extent, the proliferation of forcible assistance on request is changing the legal framework applying to the use of force in international law.
International law has increasingly become a part of the EU legal order, and has thereby become 'Europeanised'. Consequently, its application and interpretation by EU Member States is no longer solely a matter for their own constitutional order, but is also governed by EU law. This book addresses the effects of European integration on the position of public international law in the European Union and its Member States, illuminating critical questions pertaining to this triangular relationship. Are we dealing with the emergence of a distinct European system of public international law? To what extent do Member States actually recognise the effect of this 'Europeanisation' of international law? What role does the European Court of Justice play with respect to the application and interpretation of 'Europeanised' international law within the Member States.
Recent resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, notably those resulting in the freezing of assets of individuals and organisations suspected of involvement in international terrorism, have had far-reaching consequences for member states and individuals. In addition, they might conflict with international human rights standards that are binding on the Security Council itself. In light of the limited possibility for reviewing the legality of these resolutions on the international level, individuals have recently begun to challenge their implementation on the national and regional level. This emerging practice raises the question whether states and regional organisations such as the EU can engage in such review and, if so, to what extent.
In countries such as Syria, Iraq, South Sudan, and Yemen, internationally recognized governments embroiled in protracted armed conflicts, and with very little control over their territory, have requested direct military assistance from other states. These requests are often accepted by the other states, despite the circumvention of the United Nations Security Council and extensive violation of international humanitarian law and human rights. In this book, Erika De Wet examines the authority entitled to extend a request for (or consent to) direct military assistance, as well as the type of situations during which such assistance may be requested, notably whether it may be requested during a civil war. Ultimately, De Wet addresses the question of if and to what extent the proliferation of military assistance on the request of a recognized government is changing the rules in international law applying to the use of force.
Recent resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, notably those resulting in the freezing of assets of individuals and organisations suspected of involvement in international terrorism, have had far-reaching consequences for member states and individuals. In addition, they might conflict with international human rights standards that are binding on the Security Council itself. In light of the limited possibility for reviewing the legality of these resolutions on the international level, individuals have recently begun to challenge their implementation on the national and regional level. This emerging practice raises the question whether states and regional organisations such as the EU can engage in such review and, if so, to what extent.
In this luminous first novel that sings into being a haunting story of women's lives, Erika de Vasconcelos follows the connections that remain when you move from a European past to a North American present, the emotional legacies you inherit, the bonds that hold or break.
Original songs & lively conversations by native speakers. Based on renown OptimaLearning method. Course is highly motivational for children & whole family
Packed with attractions, from world-class cities to charming coastal towns, California is a popular vacation destination--especially among international travelers. "Frommer's California" is one of the best California guides on the market, and this edition features all-new accommodation maps for each major city as well as expanded coverage of the wine country.
The triumphs of love and friendship after tragedy are at the heart of this compelling and poignant novel of two complex and unforgettable women. A story of loss set in the aftermath of the 1915—1918 genocide of the Armenian people by the Turkish government, the novel moves through layers of time to show the far-reaching effects of war and displacement. Evolving partly in the mountainous landscape of Armenia and partly in the clear light and healing waters of Portugal, Erika de Vasconcelos’s magnificent and heartrending second novel explores the redemptive qualities of friendship and reminds us of the power of art and love. In the late 1980s, during the last years of Communism in Soviet-controlled Armenia, Dzovig meets her lover Tomas at a nationalist march. Tomas is a patriot, obsessed with the ruined churches that testify to the country’s glorious past before the horrors of the twentieth century. When he later takes his own life with a gun, his reasons are a mystery to his parents and his lover. Numbed and fearless, Dzovig uses sex to buy her way out of the country she hates. She lives first in Moscow, then finds refuge in Portugal. Working for a kind restaurant owner in Lisbon, she learns Portuguese and meets Tito, a wealthy young man with a muscle-wasting disease. Through Tito she discovers the poet Fernando Pessoa and his celebration of the human ability to fashion multiple lives. Tito leads Dzovig part of the way out of her pain, yet wherever she goes, she cannot leave Armenia behind. A tragic past, one that goes back to her own childhood, also haunts Vecihe, Tomas’s warm and caring mother. While Dzovig tries to flee her past, Vecihe has so far managed to keep the memories at bay through silence. She searches for Dzovig, yearning to connect, all the while struggling with her son’s death, the estrangement within her marriage, and her unspoken thoughts and knowledge. Agonizing truths keep seeping through, however, and her recollections become progressively deeper and darker until she is at last forced to confront the devastating memory of her mother’s account of the death march to Syria. Finally, changed and starting anew, Vecihe finds a haven in Canada. When she offers sanctuary to Dzovig, she reminds the young woman whom she thinks of as a daughter that “our worst pain comes out of silence.” Told with the beautiful language and a striking sensitivity, Between the Stillness and the Grove is a major work of fiction that proves Erika de Vasconcelos an exceptionally talented and original writer. Whereas her first novel, My Darling Dead Ones, drew on personal experience and family history, here the author explores new territory. To research the book she spent ten days in Armenia and read transcripts of conversations with Armenians who survived the 1915 massacre, as well as accounts by Holocaust survivors. Many of the elderly Armenians she interviewed had never before spoken about their experience, about the anger and fear that had remained hidden inside them throughout their adult lives.
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