Stories of witchcraft and demonic possession from early modern England through the last official trials in colonial New England Those possessed by the devil in early modern England usually exhibited a common set of symptoms: fits, vomiting, visions, contortions, speaking in tongues, and an antipathy to prayer. However, it was a matter of interpretation, and sometimes public opinion, if these symptoms were visited upon the victim, or if they came from within. Both early modern England and colonial New England had cases that blurred the line between witchcraft and demonic possession, most famously, the Salem witch trials. While historians acknowledge some similarities in witch trials between the two regions, such as the fact that an overwhelming majority of witches were women, the histories of these cases primarily focus on local contexts and specifics. In so doing, they overlook the ways in which manhood factored into possession and witchcraft cases. Vexed with Devils is a cultural history of witchcraft-possession phenomena that centers on the role of men and patriarchal power. Erika Gasser reveals that witchcraft trials had as much to do with who had power in the community, to impose judgement or to subvert order, as they did with religious belief. She argues that the gendered dynamics of possession and witchcraft demonstrated that contested meanings of manhood played a critical role in the struggle to maintain authority. While all men were not capable of accessing power in the same ways, many of the people involved—those who acted as if they were possessed, men accused of being witches, and men who wrote possession propaganda—invoked manhood as they struggled to advocate for themselves during these perilous times. Gasser ultimately concludes that the decline of possession and witchcraft cases was not merely a product of change over time, but rather an indication of the ways in which patriarchal power endured throughout and beyond the colonial period. Vexed with Devils reexamines an unnerving time and offers a surprising new perspective on our own, using stories and voices which emerge from the records in ways that continue to fascinate and unsettle us.
In each of these areas humanists attempted to inject their own ideas into the Reformation debate, but often these ideas were reshaped and resurfaced in a form that was far removed from its original humanistic context."--BOOK JACKET.
Stories of witchcraft and demonic possession from early modern England through the last official trials in colonial New England Those possessed by the devil in early modern England usually exhibited a common set of symptoms: fits, vomiting, visions, contortions, speaking in tongues, and an antipathy to prayer. However, it was a matter of interpretation, and sometimes public opinion, if these symptoms were visited upon the victim, or if they came from within. Both early modern England and colonial New England had cases that blurred the line between witchcraft and demonic possession, most famously, the Salem witch trials. While historians acknowledge some similarities in witch trials between the two regions, such as the fact that an overwhelming majority of witches were women, the histories of these cases primarily focus on local contexts and specifics. In so doing, they overlook the ways in which manhood factored into possession and witchcraft cases. Vexed with Devils is a cultural history of witchcraft-possession phenomena that centers on the role of men and patriarchal power. Erika Gasser reveals that witchcraft trials had as much to do with who had power in the community, to impose judgement or to subvert order, as they did with religious belief. She argues that the gendered dynamics of possession and witchcraft demonstrated that contested meanings of manhood played a critical role in the struggle to maintain authority. While all men were not capable of accessing power in the same ways, many of the people involved—those who acted as if they were possessed, men accused of being witches, and men who wrote possession propaganda—invoked manhood as they struggled to advocate for themselves during these perilous times. Gasser ultimately concludes that the decline of possession and witchcraft cases was not merely a product of change over time, but rather an indication of the ways in which patriarchal power endured throughout and beyond the colonial period. Vexed with Devils reexamines an unnerving time and offers a surprising new perspective on our own, using stories and voices which emerge from the records in ways that continue to fascinate and unsettle us.
This book’s primary concern is the application of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law in addressing the business conduct of Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) during armed conflicts, as well as state responsibility for human rights violations and current attempts at international regulation. The book discusses four interconnected themes. First, it differentiates private contractors from mercenaries, presenting an historical overview of private violence. Second, it situates PMSCs’ employees under the legal status of civilian or combatant in accordance with the Third and Fourth Geneva Conventions of 1949. It then investigates the existing law on state responsibility and what sort of responsibility companies and their employees can face. Finally, the book explores current developments on regulation within the industry, on national, regional and international levels. These themes are connected by the argument that, in order to find gaps in the existing laws, it is necessary to establish what they are, what law is applicable and what further developments are needed.
Recent resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, notably those resulting in the freezing of assets of individuals and organisations suspected of involvement in international terrorism, have had far-reaching consequences for member states and individuals. In addition, they might conflict with international human rights standards that are binding on the Security Council itself. In light of the limited possibility for reviewing the legality of these resolutions on the international level, individuals have recently begun to challenge their implementation on the national and regional level. This emerging practice raises the question whether states and regional organisations such as the EU can engage in such review and, if so, to what extent.
This book provides an evidence-based, comprehensive and vividly illustrated overview of stress and stress management, emphasizing the central role of resources. Scientists and practitioners, students, employees and employers can use this book to bring themselves up to date on the current state of psychological stress research and learn many practical tips and tricks for dealing with stress and resources. Building on proven and contemporary psychological theories of stress and resource research, this book explains how stress emerges, how resources influence the stress process and what individuals and organizations can do to prevent stressors, reduce stress, recover from stress, and cope with the long-term consequences of strain. The book takes up current societal trends such as digitization and automation, and refers to cultural influences and differences. Through numerous case studies, facts and figures, checklists and exercises, the book not only leads the reader on an exciting journey through the scientific background and history of stress research, but also offers numerous opportunities for self-assessment and critical reflection on (one's own) work in organizations.
International law, corporate law, and governance gaps -- Global policy initiatives to regulate business responsibility and human rights -- Human rights conflicts and the creation of corporate responsibility collaborations -- Information and accountability : regulating the corporate social responsibility to respect human rights through ranking and reporting -- Competition, choice, and change : activist investors and concerned consumers as ethical enforcement agents -- From voluntary to obligatory : corporate reporting and codes of conduct to promote respect for human.
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