A unique description of the phenomena that arise from the interaction between quantum systems and their environment. Because of the novel character of the approach discussed, the book addresses scientists from all fields of physics and related disciplines as well as students of physics.
Decoherence, a concept known only to few physicists when the first edition appeared in 1996, has since become firmly established experimentally and understood theoretically, as well as widely reported in the literature. The major consequences of decoherence are the emergence of "classicality" in general, superselection rules, the border line between microscopic and macroscopic behavior in molecules and field theory, the emergence of classical spacetime, and the appearance of quantum jumps. The most important new developments in this rapidly evolving field are included in the second edition of this book, which has become a standard reference on the subject. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated. New fields of application now addressed span chaos theory, quantum information, neuroscience, primordial fluctuations in cosmology, black holes and string theory, experimental tests, and interpretational issues. While the major part of the book is concerned with environmental decoherence derived from a universal Schrödinger equation, later chapters address related or competing methods, such as consistent histories, open system dynamics, algebraic approaches, and collapse models.
Essential Oils: Contact Allergy and Chemical Composition provides a full review of contact allergy to essential oils along with detailed analyses of the chemical composition of essential oils known to cause contact allergy. In addition to literature data, this book presents the results of nearly 6,400 previously unpublished sample analyses, by far the largest set of essential oils analyses ever reported in a single source of scientific literature. Covering 91 essential oils and two absolutes, the book presents an alphabetical list of all 4,350 ingredients that have been identified in them, a list of chemicals known to cause contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis, and tabular indications of the ingredients that can be found in each essential oil. The book discusses contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis for each of the oils and absolutes, sometimes able to provide only one or two reports but drawing upon considerable amounts of literature in other cases, such as with tea tree oil, ylang-ylang oil, lavender oil, rose oil, turpentine oil, jasmine absolute, and sandalwood oil. While limited information on the main components and their concentrations would be enough for most dermatologists, this book gives extensive coverage not only to improve levels of medical knowledge and quality of patient care, but also for the benefit of professionals beyond clinical study and practice, such as chemists in the perfume and cosmetics industries, perfumers, academic scientists working with essential oils and fragrances, aromatherapists, legislators, and those involved in the production, sale, and acquisition of essential oils.
The book deals mainly with direct mass determination by means of a conventional balances. It covers the history of the balance from the beginnings in Egypt earlier than 3000 BC to recent developments. All balance types are described with emphasis on scientific balances. Methods of indirect mass determination, which are applied to very light objects like molecules and the basic particles of matter and celestial bodies, are included. As additional guidance, today’s manufacturers are listed and the profile of important companies is reviewed. Several hundred photographs, reproductions and drawings show instruments and their uses. This book includes commercial weighing instruments for merchandise and raw materials in workshops as well as symbolic weighing in the ancient Egyptian’s ceremony of ‘Weighing of the Heart’, the Greek fate balance, the Roman Justitia, Juno Moneta and Middle Ages scenes of the Last Judgement with Jesus or St. Michael and of modern balances. The photographs are selected from the slide-archives of the late Richard Vieweg (1896-1972) (former President of the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany), of the late Hans R. Jenemann (1920-1966) (former head of the Analytical Laboratory of Schott & Gen., Mainz, Germany) and of his wife Irene (1933-2008) and of Erich Robens.
Coalgebraic logic is an important research topic in the areas of concurrency theory, semantics, transition systems and modal logics. It provides a general approach to modeling systems, allowing us to apply important results from coalgebras, universal algebra and category theory in novel ways. Stochastic systems provide important tools for systems modeling, and recent work shows that categorical reasoning may lead to new insights, previously not available in a purely probabilistic setting. This book combines coalgebraic reasoning, stochastic systems and logics. It provides an insight into the principles of coalgebraic logic from a categorical point of view, and applies these systems to interpretations of stochastic coalgebraic logics, which include well-known modal logics and continuous time branching logics. The author introduces stochastic systems together with their probabilistic and categorical foundations and gives a comprehensive discussion of the Giry monad as the underlying categorical construction, presenting many new, hitherto unpublished results. He discusses modal logics, introduces their probabilistic interpretations, and then proceeds to an analysis of Kripke models for coalgebraic logics. The book will be of interest to researchers in theoretical computer science, logic and category theory.
The Soviet Far East (1957) examines the Soviet economic and political development of the Russian Far East between Lake Baikal and the Pacific, as it gained importance as the geographic base of Soviet power in the Far Eastern theatre of international politics and strategy.
The Timber Press Dictionary of Plant Names is the only reference available in English with the current names of thousands of plants found in gardens and the wild. Based in science and valuable to botanists, horticulturists, agronomists, and foresters who must work with plants on a daily basis, it is also useful for advanced gardeners who seek accurate and precise information on the plants they grow. Includes the English, French, and German common names for most of the 20,000 plants described. More than 10,000 synonyms are also included. The level of detail in each entry is without parallel: • Type of plant • Life cycle • Geographic distribution • Growing habit • Foliage type • Cold-hardiness (using USDA hardiness zones) • Flowering time • Garden habitat • Botanical author • Medicinal or toxic properties • Cut flower use and/or decorative fruits • Fragrance value • Endangered protection under CITES • Vernacular name in up to three languages, with cross-references to Latin names
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