In this volume, the authors address the development of students’ algebraic thinking in the elementary and middle school grades from curricular, cognitive, and instructional perspectives. The volume is also international in nature, thus promoting a global dialogue on the topic of early Algebraization.
The program is structured so that algebraic concepts develop over time and across grades. The curriculum is connected and reflects a progression of increasingly sophisticated concepts across the grades. It is based on years of research developed by TERC in collbaoration with the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Texas at Austin.
The program is structured so that algebraic concepts develop over time and across grades. The curriculum is connected and reflects a progression of increasingly sophisticated concepts across the grades. It is based on years of research developed by TERC in collbaoration with the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Texas at Austin.
This book is a reader-friendly introduction to the theory of symmetric functions, and it includes fundamental topics such as the monomial, elementary, homogeneous, and Schur function bases; the skew Schur functions; the Jacobi–Trudi identities; the involution ω ω; the Hall inner product; Cauchy's formula; the RSK correspondence and how to implement it with both insertion and growth diagrams; the Pieri rules; the Murnaghan–Nakayama rule; Knuth equivalence; jeu de taquin; and the Littlewood–Richardson rule. The book also includes glimpses of recent developments and active areas of research, including Grothendieck polynomials, dual stable Grothendieck polynomials, Stanley's chromatic symmetric function, and Stanley's chromatic tree conjecture. Written in a conversational style, the book contains many motivating and illustrative examples. Whenever possible it takes a combinatorial approach, using bijections, involutions, and combinatorial ideas to prove algebraic results. The prerequisites for this book are minimal—familiarity with linear algebra, partitions, and generating functions is all one needs to get started. This makes the book accessible to a wide array of undergraduates interested in combinatorics.
This book is a reader-friendly introduction to the theory of symmetric functions, and it includes fundamental topics such as the monomial, elementary, homogeneous, and Schur function bases; the skew Schur functions; the Jacobi–Trudi identities; the involution ω ω; the Hall inner product; Cauchy's formula; the RSK correspondence and how to implement it with both insertion and growth diagrams; the Pieri rules; the Murnaghan–Nakayama rule; Knuth equivalence; jeu de taquin; and the Littlewood–Richardson rule. The book also includes glimpses of recent developments and active areas of research, including Grothendieck polynomials, dual stable Grothendieck polynomials, Stanley's chromatic symmetric function, and Stanley's chromatic tree conjecture. Written in a conversational style, the book contains many motivating and illustrative examples. Whenever possible it takes a combinatorial approach, using bijections, involutions, and combinatorial ideas to prove algebraic results. The prerequisites for this book are minimal—familiarity with linear algebra, partitions, and generating functions is all one needs to get started. This makes the book accessible to a wide array of undergraduates interested in combinatorics.
The Art of UNIX Programming poses the belief that understanding the unwritten UNIX engineering tradition and mastering its design patterns will help programmers of all stripes to become better programmers. This book attempts to capture the engineering wisdom and design philosophy of the UNIX, Linux, and Open Source software development community as it has evolved over the past three decades, and as it is applied today by the most experienced programmers. Eric Raymond offers the next generation of "hackers" the unique opportunity to learn the connection between UNIX philosophy and practice through careful case studies of the very best UNIX/Linux programs.
A Trusted Guide to Discrete Mathematics with Proof?Now in a Newly Revised Edition Discrete mathematics has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its growing applications in the field of computer science. Discrete Mathematics with Proof, Second Edition continues to facilitate an up-to-date understanding of this important topic, exposing readers to a wide range of modern and technological applications. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides an accessible explanation of discrete mathematics. Subsequent chapters explore additional related topics including counting, finite probability theory, recursion, formal models in computer science, graph theory, trees, the concepts of functions, and relations. Additional features of the Second Edition include: An intense focus on the formal settings of proofs and their techniques, such as constructive proofs, proof by contradiction, and combinatorial proofs New sections on applications of elementary number theory, multidimensional induction, counting tulips, and the binomial distribution Important examples from the field of computer science presented as applications including the Halting problem, Shannon's mathematical model of information, regular expressions, XML, and Normal Forms in relational databases Numerous examples that are not often found in books on discrete mathematics including the deferred acceptance algorithm, the Boyer-Moore algorithm for pattern matching, Sierpinski curves, adaptive quadrature, the Josephus problem, and the five-color theorem Extensive appendices that outline supplemental material on analyzing claims and writing mathematics, along with solutions to selected chapter exercises Combinatorics receives a full chapter treatment that extends beyond the combinations and permutations material by delving into non-standard topics such as Latin squares, finite projective planes, balanced incomplete block designs, coding theory, partitions, occupancy problems, Stirling numbers, Ramsey numbers, and systems of distinct representatives. A related Web site features animations and visualizations of combinatorial proofs that assist readers with comprehension. In addition, approximately 500 examples and over 2,800 exercises are presented throughout the book to motivate ideas and illustrate the proofs and conclusions of theorems. Assuming only a basic background in calculus, Discrete Mathematics with Proof, Second Edition is an excellent book for mathematics and computer science courses at the undergraduate level. It is also a valuable resource for professionals in various technical fields who would like an introduction to discrete mathematics.
Upon publication, the first edition of the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics received overwhelming accolades for its unparalleled scope, readability, and utility. It soon took its place among the top selling books in the history of Chapman & Hall/CRC, and its popularity continues unabated. Yet also unabated has been the d
This updated edition retains its introduction to applied fundamental statistics, probability, reliability, and decision theory as these pertain to problems in Civil Engineering. The new edition adds an expanded treatment of systems reliability, Bayesian methods, and spatial variabililty, along with additional example problems throughout. The book provides readers with the tools needed to determine the probability of failure, and when multiplied by the consequences of failure, illustrates how to assess the risk of civil engineering problems. Presenting methods for quantifying uncertainty that exists in engineering analysis and design, with an emphasis on fostering more accurate analysis and design, the text is ideal for students and practitioners of a range of civil engineering disciplines. Expands on the class-tested pedagogy from the first edition with more material and more examples; Broadens understanding with simulations coded both in Matlab and in R; Features new chapters on spatial variability and Bayesian methods; Emphasizes techniques for estimating the influence of uncertainty on the probability of failure
This is a textbook for advanced undergraduate students and beginning graduate students in applied mathematics. It presents the basic mathematical foundations of stochastic analysis (probability theory and stochastic processes) as well as some important practical tools and applications (e.g., the connection with differential equations, numerical methods, path integrals, random fields, statistical physics, chemical kinetics, and rare events). The book strikes a nice balance between mathematical formalism and intuitive arguments, a style that is most suited for applied mathematicians. Readers can learn both the rigorous treatment of stochastic analysis as well as practical applications in modeling and simulation. Numerous exercises nicely supplement the main exposition.
German cinema of the Third Reich, even a half-century after Hitler's demise, still provokes extreme reactions. "Never before and in no other country," observes director Wim Wenders, "have images and language been abused so unscrupulously as here, never before and nowhere else have they been debased so deeply as vehicles to transmit lies." More than a thousand German feature films that premiered during the reign of National Socialism survive as mementoes of what many regard as film history's darkest hour. As Eric Rentschler argues, however, cinema in the Third Reich emanated from a Ministry of Illusion and not from a Ministry of Fear. Party vehicles such as Hitler Youth Quex and anti-Semitic hate films such as Jew Süss may warrant the epithet "Nazi propaganda," but they amount to a mere fraction of the productions from this era. The vast majority of the epoch's films seemed to be "unpolitical"--melodramas, biopix, and frothy entertainments set in cozy urbane surroundings, places where one rarely sees a swastika or hears a "Sieg Heil." Minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels, Rentschler shows, endeavored to maximize film's seductive potential, to cloak party priorities in alluring cinematic shapes. Hitler and Goebbels were master showmen enamored of their media images, the Third Reich was a grand production, the Second World War a continuing movie of the week. The Nazis were movie mad, and the Third Reich was movie made. Rentschler's analysis of the sophisticated media culture of this period demonstrates in an unprecedented way the potent and destructive powers of fascination and fantasy. Nazi feature films--both as entities that unreeled in moviehouses during the regime and as productions that continue to enjoy wide attention today--show that entertainment is often much more than innocent pleasure.
As developers know, the beauty of XML is that it is extensible, even to the point that you can invent new elements and attributes as you write XML documents. Then, however, you need to define your changes so that applications will be able to make sense of them and this is where XML schema languages come into play. RELAX NG (pronounced relaxing), the Regular Language Description for XML Core--New Generation is quickly gaining momentum as an alternative to other schema languages. Designed to solve a variety of common problems raised in the creation and sharing of XML vocabularies, RELAX NG is less complex than The W3C's XML Schema Recommendation and much more powerful and flexible than DTDs. RELAX NG is a grammar-based schema language that's both easy to learn for schema creators and easy to implement for software developers In RELAX NG, developers are introduced to this unique language and will learn a no-nonsense method for creating XML schemas. This book offers a clear-cut explanation of RELAX NG that enables intermediate and advanced XML developers to focus on XML document structures and content rather than battle the intricacies of yet another convoluted standard. RELAX NG covers the following topics in depth: Introduction to RELAX NG Building RELAX NG schemas using XML syntax Building RELAX NG schemas using compact syntax, an alternative non-XML syntax Flattening schemas to limit depth and provide reusability Using external datatype libraries with RELAX NG W3C XML Schema regular expressions Writing extensible schemas Annotating schemas Generating schemas form different sources Determinism and datatype assignment and much more. If you're looking for a schema language that's easy to use and won't leave you in a labyrinth of obscure limitations, RELAX NG is the language you should be using. And only O'Reilly's RELAX NG gives you the straightforward information and everything else you'll need to take advantage of this powerful and intelligible language.
The thematic term on ?Semigroups, Algorithms, Automata and Languages? organized at the International Centre of Mathematics (Coimbra, Portugal) in May-July 2001 was the gathering point for researchers working in the field of semigroups, algorithms, automata and languages. These areas were selected considering their huge recent developments, their potential applications, and the motivation from other fields of mathematics and computer science.This proceedings volume is a unique collection of advanced courses and original contributions on semigroups and their connections with logic, automata, languages, group theory, discrete dynamics, topology and complexity. A selection of open problems discussed during the thematic term is also included.
Mathematics is playing an ever more important role in the physical and biological sciences, provoking a blurring of boundaries between scientific dis ciplines and a resurgence of interest in the modern as well as the classical techniques of applied mathematics. This renewal of interest, both in research and teaching, has led to the establishment of the series: Texts in Applied Mathe matics (TAM). The development of new courses is a natural consequence of a high level of excitement on the research frontier as newer techniques, such as numerical and symbolic computer systems, dynamical systems, and chaos, mix with and reinforce the traditional methods of applied mathematics. Thus, the purpose of this textbook series is to meet the current and future needs of these advances and encourage the teaching of new courses. TAM will publish textbooks suitable for use in advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate courses, and will complement the Applied Mathematical Sciences (AMS) series, which will focus on advanced textbooks and research level monographs. Preface A successful concurrent numerical simulation requires physics and math ematics to develop and analyze the model, numerical analysis to develop solution methods, and computer science to develop a concurrent implemen tation. No single course can or should cover all these disciplines. Instead, this course on concurrent scientific computing focuses on a topic that is not covered or is insufficiently covered by other disciplines: the algorith mic structure of numerical methods.
This book examines how readers and novelists alike have used maps, guidebooks, and other geographical media to imagine and represent the space of the novel from the mid-nineteenth century to the present.
Making a Game Demo: From Concept to Demo Gold provides a detailed and comprehensive guide to getting started in the computer game industry. Written by professional game designers and developers, this book combines the fields of design, art, scripting, and programming in one book to help you take your first steps toward creating a game demo. Discover how the use of documentation can help you organize the game design process; understand how to model and animate a variety of objects, including human characters; explore the basics of scripting with Lua; learn about texturing, vertex lighting, light mapping, motion capture, and collision checking. The companion CD contains all the code and other files needed for the tutorials, the Ka3D game engine, the Zax demo, all the images in the book, demo software, and more!
Like Mooki, the hero of Spike Lee's film Do the Right Thing artificially, intelligent systems have a hard time knowing what to do in all circumstances. Classical theories of perfect rationality prescribe the right thing for any occasion, but no finite agent can compute their prescriptions fast enough. In Do the Right Thing, the authors argue that a new theoretical foundation for artificial intelligence can be constructed in which rationality is a property of programs within a finite architecture, and their behaviour over time in the task environment, rather than a property of individual decisions.
How all philosophical explanations of human consciousness and the fundamental structure of the cosmos are bizarre—and why that’s a good thing Do we live inside a simulated reality or a pocket universe embedded in a larger structure about which we know virtually nothing? Is consciousness a purely physical matter, or might it require something extra, something nonphysical? According to the philosopher Eric Schwitzgebel, it’s hard to say. In The Weirdness of the World, Schwitzgebel argues that the answers to these fundamental questions lie beyond our powers of comprehension. We can be certain only that the truth—whatever it is—is weird. Philosophy, he proposes, can aim to open—to reveal possibilities we had not previously appreciated—or to close, to narrow down to the one correct theory of the phenomenon in question. Schwitzgebel argues for a philosophy that opens. According to Schwitzgebel’s “Universal Bizarreness” thesis, every possible theory of the relation of mind and cosmos defies common sense. According to his complementary “Universal Dubiety” thesis, no general theory of the relationship between mind and cosmos compels rational belief. Might the United States be a conscious organism—a conscious group mind with approximately the intelligence of a rabbit? Might virtually every action we perform cause virtually every possible type of future event, echoing down through the infinite future of an infinite universe? What, if anything, is it like to be a garden snail? Schwitzgebel makes a persuasive case for the thrill of considering the most bizarre philosophical possibilities.
Through an immense feat of coordinated scholarship in the 1960s and 1970s, the Nánjīng University of Traditional Chinese Medicine collected and identified items used in indigenous Chinese healing practices, providing information about their origins, properties, applications, chemical composition, and classical records. This project led to the publication in 1977 of the Zhōng Yào Dà Cí Diǎn (中药大辞典, “The Encyclopedia of Chinese Medicinals”), which describes 5,767 animal, vegetable, and mineral items used in classical Chinese medicine and in Chinese folk medicine. Since China occupies a vast territory spanning numerous climatic zones, some of these items are familiar to folk medicine practitioners in the West, although many others may be totally unfamiliar. This Comprehensive Chinese Materia Medica comprises 6,556 entries, including the 5,767 main items of the Zhōng Yào Dà Cí Diǎn as well as nearly one thousand additional entries for specific forms of medicinals and food items. The aim is to enable those outside China to understand the immensity of Chinese traditions and to learn about the Chinese understanding of items that they are familiar with or that may be available in their locality. The items are each identified by their Latin pharmacognostic names, as well as by their Pīnyīn, Chinese (simplified and traditional), and common English names (or English names derived from Latin). Accented Pīnyīn and unaccented Pinyin are included for transliteration accuracy and easy searchability. The items are listed in alphabetical order of pharmacognostic names, since these are the only names that allow the grouping together of all items of the same and similar origin. The present e-book version offers maximum searchability. Chinese terms are given in simplified characters, so that they can be found by anyone who knows Chinese. Pinyin is given in accented form, so users who know the tones can precisely find the items they are looking for. Unaccented Pinyin is included for users’ convenience. Since these classic translations rigorously conform to published dictionaries and references, terms searched in English will be just as exact as those searched in Chinese or Pinyin. To make for the greatest utility without overly burdening the text a standard set of graphical indicators are used throughout this and other related e-books. Square brackets ([ ]) indicate elements of terms that can be omitted (such as omissible elements of medicinal names) or notes to Chinese and English terms. A double asterisk (⁑) indicates polysemous medicinal names. A gray sidebar in the left-hand margin indicates a commonly used item. Besides being generally less expensive, these eBooks have several unique advantages beside superb searchability. Because everyone can set page size, font type, and font size as they like the discomfort of reading a too-small type is eliminated. If very large type is better for you, go ahead and set it in your eReader preferences. The display will change as appropriate. If you prefer audio-based learning, eReaders are now capable of “read to you” services. This may also be an option for anyone prone to eye strain. Another feature of eBooks that will make life easier for people who like to highlight text for study or memorization. In an eBook your highlights automatically show on a separate contents page. You are making your own customized study guide as you read along. If you prefer not to highlight text, bookmarks can accomplish the same value. Either way the eBook saves you a lot of time, some of which was just mechanical, like sorting note cards. The act of creating the highlight or bookmark improves memorizations and having your selections indexed with no effort makes pre-test review efficient. Some of the advantages of eBooks aren’t about reading. When you use your ID to register an eBook, you are establishing your right to that text forever. Reliable eBook sellers know who registered their digital version and can replace a copy lost in a cyber accident, a fumbled key or an errant mouse click. You are also protected from technological disruption. The eBook format, called “epub,” is a standard, no one can hide or alter it. If the next best tech comes along, it will read epub.
Since the initial publication of Practical SGML the computer industry has seen a dramatic increase in the use and acceptance of SGML and many of the concepts derived from it. The existence of Practical SGML has helped to foster this growth as it provides a practical and vital introduction to the many facets of SGML and how its fits into an organization, whether it be business or government. Practical SGML, Second Edition is an extensive revision and update that puts greater emphasis and focus on helping the novice work his or her way through the vast amounts of information required to become proficient in SGML. Practical SGML, Second Edition provides the reader with an understanding of: the tools currently on the market that enable the easy creation of SGML data and the use and distribution of that data in a variety of forms; the minimum amount of information needed by people who wish to understand and use ISO 8879; aids and information on how to stay current with the volumes of material written on SGML in publications throughout the world; practical examples of the many SGML constructs and guidelines on their appropriate uses; other helpful hints and insights based on years of working with the standard and integrating it into a complex and challenging computer environment. Exercises throughout the text allow the readers to test their understanding. Answers are given in Appendix A. Practical SGML, Second Edition is an invaluable reference manual for anyone interested in understanding and using SGML.
This study of the hunters of the settlement of Inukjuak (Inujjuaq) in Ungava, northern Quebec, evaluates the utility of models drawn from evolutionary ecology, including optimal foraging theory, in analyzing the subsistence economy of a contemporary (Inuit) hunting-gathering people, and places the Inujjuamiut society in a general anthropological context.
This book provides an overview of the application of statistical methods to problems in metrology, with emphasis on modelling measurement processes and quantifying their associated uncertainties. It covers everything from fundamentals to more advanced special topics, each illustrated with case studies from the authors' work in the Nuclear Security Enterprise (NSE). The material provides readers with a solid understanding of how to apply the techniques to metrology studies in a wide variety of contexts. The volume offers particular attention to uncertainty in decision making, design of experiments (DOEx) and curve fitting, along with special topics such as statistical process control (SPC), assessment of binary measurement systems, and new results on sample size selection in metrology studies. The methodologies presented are supported with R script when appropriate, and the code has been made available for readers to use in their own applications. Designed to promote collaboration between statistics and metrology, this book will be of use to practitioners of metrology as well as students and researchers in statistics and engineering disciplines.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives take many forms. One is to help members of underrepresented groups increase their opportunities for professional development, networking, finding mentors, and accessing opportunities such as those that occur on the golf course, where executives often "audition" potential new hires or identify high-potential candidates for advancement. It is not a level playing field. Golf is still a boys' club--a White boys' club. Dr. Eric Boyd is on a mission to promote golf literacy for the purpose of advancing social inclusion, diversity and equitable professional opportunities in the workplace. In this book he focuses on the importance of practicing on the course six key leadership traits that are woven through each chapter-Curiosity, Adaptability, Empowerment, Integrity, Mindfulness, Strategy. He teaches his students and his readers how to demonstrate their leadership skills, improve their networking abilities, and "close the deal" by ensuring a follow-up invitation"--
Master the art of predictive modeling About This Book Load, wrangle, and analyze your data using the world's most powerful statistical programming language Familiarize yourself with the most common data mining tools of R, such as k-means, hierarchical regression, linear regression, Naive Bayes, decision trees, text mining and so on. We emphasize important concepts, such as the bias-variance trade-off and over-fitting, which are pervasive in predictive modeling Who This Book Is For If you work with data and want to become an expert in predictive analysis and modeling, then this Learning Path will serve you well. It is intended for budding and seasoned practitioners of predictive modeling alike. You should have basic knowledge of the use of R, although it's not necessary to put this Learning Path to great use. What You Will Learn Get to know the basics of R's syntax and major data structures Write functions, load data, and install packages Use different data sources in R and know how to interface with databases, and request and load JSON and XML Identify the challenges and apply your knowledge about data analysis in R to imperfect real-world data Predict the future with reasonably simple algorithms Understand key data visualization and predictive analytic skills using R Understand the language of models and the predictive modeling process In Detail Predictive analytics is a field that uses data to build models that predict a future outcome of interest. It can be applied to a range of business strategies and has been a key player in search advertising and recommendation engines. The power and domain-specificity of R allows the user to express complex analytics easily, quickly, and succinctly. R offers a free and open source environment that is perfect for both learning and deploying predictive modeling solutions in the real world. This Learning Path will provide you with all the steps you need to master the art of predictive modeling with R. We start with an introduction to data analysis with R, and then gradually you'll get your feet wet with predictive modeling. You will get to grips with the fundamentals of applied statistics and build on this knowledge to perform sophisticated and powerful analytics. You will be able to solve the difficulties relating to performing data analysis in practice and find solutions to working with “messy data”, large data, communicating results, and facilitating reproducibility. You will then perform key predictive analytics tasks using R, such as train and test predictive models for classification and regression tasks, score new data sets and so on. By the end of this Learning Path, you will have explored and tested the most popular modeling techniques in use on real-world data sets and mastered a diverse range of techniques in predictive analytics. This Learning Path combines some of the best that Packt has to offer in one complete, curated package. It includes content from the following Packt products: Data Analysis with R, Tony Fischetti Learning Predictive Analytics with R, Eric Mayor Mastering Predictive Analytics with R, Rui Miguel Forte Style and approach Learn data analysis using engaging examples and fun exercises, and with a gentle and friendly but comprehensive "learn-by-doing" approach. This is a practical course, which analyzes compelling data about life, health, and death with the help of tutorials. It offers you a useful way of interpreting the data that's specific to this course, but that can also be applied to any other data. This course is designed to be both a guide and a reference for moving beyond the basics of predictive modeling.
There are several theories of programming. The first usable theory, often called "Hoare's Logic", is still probably the most widely known. In it, a specification is a pair of predicates: a precondition and postcondition (these and all technical terms will be defined in due course). Another popular and closely related theory by Dijkstra uses the weakest precondition predicate transformer, which is a function from programs and postconditions to preconditions. lones's Vienna Development Method has been used to advantage in some industries; in it, a specification is a pair of predicates (as in Hoare's Logic), but the second predicate is a relation. Temporal Logic is yet another formalism that introduces some special operators and quantifiers to describe some aspects of computation. The theory in this book is simpler than any of those just mentioned. In it, a specification is just a boolean expression. Refinement is just ordinary implication. This theory is also more general than those just mentioned, applying to both terminating and nonterminating computation, to both sequential and parallel computation, to both stand-alone and interactive computation. And it includes time bounds, both for algorithm classification and for tightly constrained real-time applications.
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