Carried out by the government of the shah between 1962 and 1971, the Iranian land reform was one of the most ambitious such undertakings in modern Middle Eastern history. Yet, beneath apparent statistical success, the actual accomplishments of the program, in terms of positive benefits for the peasantry, were negligible. Later, the resulting widespread discontent of thousands of Iranian villagers would contribute to the shah's downfall. In the first major study of the effects of this widely publicized program, Eric Hooglund's analysis demonstrates that the primary motives behind the land reform were political. Attempting to supplant the near-absolute authority of the landlord class over the countryside, the central government hoped to extend its own authority throughout rural Iran. While the Pahlavi government accomplished this goal, its failure to implement effective structural reform proved to be a long-term liability. Hooglund, who conducted field research in rural Iran throughout the 1970s and who witnessed the unfolding of the revolution from a small village, provides a careful description of the development of the land reform and of its effects on the main groups involved: landlords, peasants, local officials, merchants, and brokers. He shows how the continuing poverty in the countryside forced the migration of thousands of peasants to the cities, resulting in serious shortages of agricultural workers and an oversupply of unskilled urban labor. When the shah's government was faced with mass opposition in the cities in 1978, not only did a disillusioned rural population fail to support the regime, but thousands of villagers participated in the protests that hastened the collapse of the monarchy.
An American Stand: Senator Margaret Chase Smith and the Communist Menace, 1948-1972 focuses on the unique perspective of a female Cold Warrior fascinated with the "masculine" issue of national security. Avoiding any sanitization of the ruthless actions of communists abroad, th...
The forested and rural Belgrade Lakes region in central Maine has been a summer tourist area for more than 125 years, attracting families to its seven lakes--called "ponds" by locals--that are interconnected by streams. This chain of lakes acquired its collective name from the town of Belgrade, which borders five of the seven lakes, including the three largest ones. In 1849, a railroad built two stations in Belgrade, and by the 1870s, the combination of the lakes, trains, and numerous farms offering fresh produce and dairy products fostered the growth of tourism in the area. During the golden age, from around 1900 to 1945, grand hotels, resort spas, and family and youth camps proliferated, and the visits of celebrities, politicians, authors, and industrialists added glamour and sometimes scandal to Belgrade summers. The patterns of tourism in the United States changed after World War II; summer has become the season when thousands of snowbirds return to their cottages on the lakes, although hundreds of boys and girls still participate in the fun and educational youth camps.
Essays presented at the First Philip K. Hitti International Symposium on Near Eastern American Studies sponsored by the University of Minnesota and held in St. Paul.
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