Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)'s Books

Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor air, and everyone is exposed to formaldehyde at some concentration daily. Formaldehyde is used to produce a wide array of products, particularly building materials; it is emitted from many sources, including power plants, cars, gas and wood stoves, and cigarettes; it is a natural product in come foods; and it is naturally present in the human body as a metabolic intermediate. Much research has been conducted on the health effects of exposure to formaldehyde, including effects on the upper airway, where formaldehyde is deposited when inhaled, and effects on tissues distant from the site of initial contact. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released noncancer and cancer assessments of formaldehyde for its Intergated Risk Information System (IRIS) in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The agency began reassessing formaldehyde in 1998 and released a draft IRIS assessment in June 2010. Given the complexity of the issues and the knowledge that the assessment will be used as the basis of regulatory decisions, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct an independent scientific review of the draft IRIS assessment. In this report, the Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde first addresses some general issues associated with the draft IRIS assessment. The committee next focuses on questions concerning specific aspects of the draft assessment, including derivation of the reference concentrations and the cancer unit risk estimates for formaldehyde. The committee closes with recommendations for improving the IRIS assessment of formaldehyde and provides some general comments on the IRIS development process.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

204

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030921193X

ISBN 13

9780309211932

Air Quality Management in the United States

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Air Quality Management in the United States

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Air Quality Management in the United States

Managing the nation's air quality is a complex undertaking, involving tens of thousands of people in regulating thousands of pollution sources. The authors identify what has worked and what has not, and they offer wide-ranging recommendations for setting future priorities, making difficult choices, and increasing innovation. This new book explores how to better integrate scientific advances and new technologies into the air quality management system. The volume reviews the three-decade history of governmental efforts toward cleaner air, discussing how air quality standards are set and results measured, the design and implementation of control strategies, regulatory processes and procedures, special issues with mobile pollution sources, and more. The book looks at efforts to spur social and behavioral changes that affect air quality, the effectiveness of market-based instruments for air quality regulation, and many other aspects of the issue. Rich in technical detail, this book will be of interest to all those engaged in air quality management: scientists, engineers, industrial managers, law makers, regulators, health officials, clean-air advocates, and concerned citizens.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

426

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309167868

ISBN 13

9780309167864

EPA Activity Book: What Does the U.S. EPA Do to Protect the Environment?

By: Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.),Environmental Protection Agency (U S

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

EPA Activity Book: What Does the U.S. EPA Do to Protect the Environment?

By: Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.),Environmental Protection Agency (U S

The EPA Activity Book, directed primarily towards children, is a graphic depiction of how the EPA protects our entire environment, protects the land where we live, protects ecosystems,and provides crossword games and puzzles to engage children in educating themselves about good environmental practices. Concepts and lessons about air quality index, asthma environmental factors, ecosystem protection, waste reduction practices, environmental protection, and more. Early childhood and primary grade-school children may enjoy the fill-in coloring activities, world list searches, crossword puzzles, and fill-in-the blank activities as part of their learning process about these key science and environmental concepts. Find more products relating to this topic: NSI: Nature Science Investigator Mission Sunwise Activity Book Join the Lorax Sesame Street Fire Safety Program Family Guide Sesame Street Fire Safety Program (Multimedia CD- English and Spanish Languages)

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

Publisher

Government Printing Office

Published Date

ISBN 10

016094399X

ISBN 13

9780160943997

Regulating Pesticides

By: Environmental Studies Board,Commission on Natural Resources,Committee on Prototype Explicit Analyses for Pesticides

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Regulating Pesticides

By: Environmental Studies Board,Commission on Natural Resources,Committee on Prototype Explicit Analyses for Pesticides

Selecting and scheduling compounds for assessment. Risk assessment: hazards to human health - risk to structures, materials and crops - overall assessment of risks. Benefit assessment: analysis of pesticide productivity - estimating changes in pest controal costs - economic evaluation of productivity and costs effects. Evaluation of the regulatory options: weighing the risks and benefits. Application to chlorobenzilate.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

303

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309029465

ISBN 13

9780309029469

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Commission on Life Sciences,Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants

The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

668

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030904894X

ISBN 13

9780309048941

Waste Incineration and Public Health

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Waste Incineration and Public Health

By: National Research Council,Commission on Life Sciences,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Health Effects of Waste Incineration

Incineration has been used widely for waste disposal, including household, hazardous, and medical wasteâ€"but there is increasing public concern over the benefits of combusting the waste versus the health risk from pollutants emitted during combustion. Waste Incineration and Public Health informs the emerging debate with the most up-to-date information available on incineration, pollution, and human healthâ€"along with expert conclusions and recommendations for further research and improvement of such areas as risk communication. The committee provides details on: Processes involved in incineration and how contaminants are released. Environmental dynamics of contaminants and routes of human exposure. Tools and approaches for assessing possible human health effects. Scientific concerns pertinent to future regulatory actions. The book also examines some of the social, psychological, and economic factors that affect the communities where incineration takes place and addresses the problem of uncertainty and variation in predicting the health effects of incineration processes.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

336

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030906371X

ISBN 13

9780309063715

Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Committee on Opportunities in Applied Environmental Research and Development

Research is the foundation of environmental protection. This volume reviews four areas of opportunity in applied environmental research and development: waste reduction, ecosystem and landscape change, anticipatory research, and long-term chemical toxicity. It presents the consensus of workshops held to explore these four areas as well as an introductory chapter that summarizes the committee's view of environmental research and development.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

185

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030904698X

ISBN 13

9780309046985

Interim Report of the Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Interim Report of the Committee on Changes in New Source Review Programs for Stationary Sources of Air Pollutants

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's New Source Review (NSR) programs are designed to help ensure that the construction or modification of factories, electric-generating facilities and other large stationary sources of pollutants will meet emissions criteria. EPA revised the programs in order to provide flexibility and allow for improved energy efficiency in American industry without damaging the environment. However, critics argue the revisions could slow progress in cleaning the nation's air, potentially damaging human health. This interim report provides a synthesis of relevant background information and describes the approach the committee will use to assess the potential impact of the NSR revisions. Conclusions will be issued in a final report later this year.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

242

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309095786

ISBN 13

9780309095785

A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology,Committee on the Design and Evaluation of Safer Chemical Substitutions: A Framework to Inform Government and Industry Decisions

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives

Historically, regulations governing chemical use have often focused on widely used chemicals and acute human health effects of exposure to them, as well as their potential to cause cancer and other adverse health effects. As scientific knowledge has expanded there has been an increased awareness of the mechanisms through which chemicals may exert harmful effects on human health, as well as their effects on other species and ecosystems. Identification of high-priority chemicals and other chemicals of concern has prompted a growing number of state and local governments, as well as major companies, to take steps beyond existing hazardous chemical federal legislation. Interest in approaches and policies that ensure that any new substances substituted for chemicals of concern are assessed as carefully and thoroughly as possible has also burgeoned. The overarching goal of these approaches is to avoid regrettable substitutions, which occur when a toxic chemical is replaced by another chemical that later proved unsuitable because of persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, or other concerns. Chemical alternative assessments are tools designed to facilitate consideration of these factors to assist stakeholders in identifying chemicals that may have the greatest likelihood of harm to human and ecological health, and to provide guidance on how the industry may develop and adopt safer alternatives. A Framework to Guide Selection of Chemical Alternatives develops and demonstrates a decision framework for evaluating potentially safer substitute chemicals as primarily determined by human health and ecological risks. This new framework is informed by previous efforts by regulatory agencies, academic institutions, and others to develop alternative assessment frameworks that could be operationalized. In addition to hazard assessments, the framework incorporates steps for life-cycle thinking - which considers possible impacts of a chemical at all stages including production, use, and disposal - as well as steps for performance and economic assessments. The report also highlights how modern information sources such as computational modeling can supplement traditional toxicology data in the assessment process. This new framework allows the evaluation of the full range of benefits and shortcomings of substitutes, and examination of tradeoffs between these risks and factors such as product functionality, product efficacy, process safety, and resource use. Through case studies, this report demonstrates how different users in contrasting decision contexts with diverse priorities can apply the framework. This report will be an essential resource to the chemical industry, environmentalists, ecologists, and state and local governments.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

475

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309310164

ISBN 13

9780309310161

Hidden Costs of Energy

Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use

By: National Research Council,Policy and Global Affairs,Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy,Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences,Board on Energy and Environmental Systems,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Health, Environmental, and Other External Costs and Benefits of Energy Production and Consumption

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Hidden Costs of Energy

Unpriced Consequences of Energy Production and Use

Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

506

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309155800

ISBN 13

9780309155809

Science and Decisions

Advancing Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Science and Decisions

Advancing Risk Assessment

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA

Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

422

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309120462

ISBN 13

9780309120463

New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution

The Clean Air Act established a pair of programsâ€"known as New Source Review (NSR)â€"that regulate large stationary sources of air pollution, such as factories and electricity-generating facilities. Congress then asked the National Research Council to estimate the effects of NSR rule changes made in 2002 and 2003 in terms of the effects on emissions and human health, and changes in operating efficiency (including energy efficiency), pollution prevention, and pollution-control activities. New Source Review for Stationary Sources of Air Pollution provides insights into the potential effects of the rule changes on national emissions from the electric power industry. Although this book focuses on the 2002 and 2003 rules, its analytic framework applies to other possible changes in NSR and to other regulatory contexts. Helpful, in that it outlines the data-collection efforts needed to assess the impact of the NSR rules, the book recommends EPA and other government agencies undertake and sustain the recommended methods.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

334

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309164591

ISBN 13

9780309164597

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Modeling Mobile-Source Emissions

The Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) model is a computer model developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for estimating emissions from on-road motor vehicles. MOBILE is used in air-quality planning and regulation for estimating emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and for predicting the effects of emissions-reduction programs. Because of its important role in air-quality management, the accuracy of MOBILE is critical. Possible consequences of inaccurately characterizing motor-vehicle emissions include the implementation of insufficient controls that endanger the environment and public health or the implementation of ineffective policies that impose excessive control costs. Billions of dollars per year in transportation funding are linked to air-quality attainment plans, which rely on estimates of mobile-source emissions. Transportation infrastructure decisions are also affected by emissions estimates from MOBILE. In response to a request from Congress, the National Research Council established the Committee to Review EPA's Mobile Source Emissions Factor (MOBILE) Model in October 1998. The committee was charged to evaluate MOBILE and to develop recommendations for improving the model.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

257

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309070880

ISBN 13

9780309070881

Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from Pesticides

By: Committee on Ecological Risk Assessment Under FIFRA and ESA,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from Pesticides

By: Committee on Ecological Risk Assessment Under FIFRA and ESA,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Division on Earth and Life Studies,National Research Council

The US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are responsible for protecting species that are listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and for protecting habitats that are critical for their survival. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for registering or reregistering pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and must ensure that pesticide use does not cause any unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, which is interpreted to include listed species and their critical habitats. The agencies have developed their own approaches to evaluating environmental risk, and their approaches differ because their legal mandates, responsibilities, institutional cultures, and expertise differ. Over the years, the agencies have tried to resolve their differences but have been unsuccessful in reaching a consensus regarding their assessment approaches. As a result, FWS, NMFS, EPA, and the US Department of Agriculture asked the National Research Council (NRC) to examine scientific and technical issues related to determining risks posed to listed species by pesticides. Specifically, the NRC was asked to evaluate methods for identifying the best scientific data available; to evaluate approaches for developing modeling assumptions; to identify authoritative geospatial information that might be used in risk assessments; to review approaches for characterizing sublethal, indirect, and cumulative effects; to assess the scientific information available for estimating effects of mixtures and inert ingredients; and to consider the use of uncertainty factors to account for gaps in data. Assessing Risks to Endangered and Threatened Species from Pesticides, which was prepared by the NRC Committee on Ecological Risk Assessment under FIFRA and ESA, is the response to that request.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

195

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309285844

ISBN 13

9780309285841

Superfund and Mining Megasites

Lessons from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Superfund Site Assessment and Remediation in the Coeur d' Alene River Basin

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Superfund and Mining Megasites

Lessons from the Coeur d'Alene River Basin

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Superfund Site Assessment and Remediation in the Coeur d' Alene River Basin

For more than 100 years, the Coeur d' Alene River Basin has been known as "The Silver Valley" for being one of the most productive silver, lead, and zinc mining areas in the United States. Over time, high levels of metals (including lead, arsenic, cadmium, and zinc) were discovered in the local environment and elevated blood lead levels were found in children in communities near the metal-refining and smelter complex. In 1983, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) listed a 21-square mile mining area in northern Idaho as a Superfund site. EPA extended those boundaries in 1998 to include areas throughout the 1500-square mile area Coeur d'Alene River Basin project area. Under Superfund, EPA has developed a plan to clean up the contaminated area that will cost an estimated $359 million over 3 decades-and this effort is only the first step in the cleanup process. Superfund and Mining Megasites: Lessons from Coeur d'Alene River Basin evaluates the issues and concerns that have been raised regarding EPA's decisions about cleaning up the area. The scientific and technical practices used by EPA to make decisions about human health risks at the Coeur d'Alene River Basin Superfund site are generally sound; however, there are substantial concerns regarding environmental protection decisions, particularly dealing with the effectiveness of long-term plans.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

505

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309097142

ISBN 13

9780309097147

Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Meteorological and Topographical Problem Areas

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Carbon Monoxide Episodes in Meteorological and Topographical Problem Areas

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Meteorological and Topographical Problem Areas

The regulation of carbon monoxide has been one of the great success stories in air pollution control. While more than 90 percent of the locations with carbon monoxide monitors were in violation in 1971, today the number of monitors showing violations has fallen to only a few, on a small number of days and mainly in areas with unique meteorological and topographical conditions.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

218

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309089239

ISBN 13

9780309089234

Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment

The Tasks Ahead

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Phthalates and Cumulative Risk Assessment

The Tasks Ahead

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on the Health Risks of Phthalates

People are exposed to a variety of chemicals throughout their daily lives. To protect public health, regulators use risk assessments to examine the effects of chemical exposures. This book provides guidance for assessing the risk of phthalates, chemicals found in many consumer products that have been shown to affect the development of the male reproductive system of laboratory animals. Because people are exposed to multiple phthalates and other chemicals that affect male reproductive development, a cumulative risk assessment should be conducted that evaluates the combined effects of exposure to all these chemicals. The book suggests an approach for cumulative risk assessment that can serve as a model for evaluating the health risks of other types of chemicals.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

208

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030917791X

ISBN 13

9780309177917

Fluoride in Drinking Water

A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Fluoride in Drinking Water

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Fluoride in Drinking Water

A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Fluoride in Drinking Water

Most people associate fluoride with the practice of intentionally adding fluoride to public drinking water supplies for the prevention of tooth decay. However, fluoride can also enter public water systems from natural sources, including runoff from the weathering of fluoride-containing rocks and soils and leaching from soil into groundwater. Fluoride pollution from various industrial emissions can also contaminate water supplies. In a few areas of the United States fluoride concentrations in water are much higher than normal, mostly from natural sources. Fluoride is one of the drinking water contaminants regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) because it can occur at these toxic levels. In 1986, the EPA established a maximum allowable concentration for fluoride in drinking water of 4 milligrams per liter, a guideline designed to prevent the public from being exposed to harmful levels of fluoride. Fluoride in Drinking Water reviews research on various health effects from exposure to fluoride, including studies conducted in the last 10 years.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

531

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

030910128X

ISBN 13

9780309101288

Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Models in the Regulatory Decision Process

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Models in Environmental Regulatory Decision Making

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Models in the Regulatory Decision Process

Many regulations issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are based on the results of computer models. Models help EPA explain environmental phenomena in settings where direct observations are limited or unavailable, and anticipate the effects of agency policies on the environment, human health and the economy. Given the critical role played by models, the EPA asked the National Research Council to assess scientific issues related to the agency's selection and use of models in its decisions. The book recommends a series of guidelines and principles for improving agency models and decision-making processes. The centerpiece of the book's recommended vision is a life-cycle approach to model evaluation which includes peer review, corroboration of results, and other activities. This will enhance the agency's ability to respond to requirements from a 2001 law on information quality and improve policy development and implementation.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

286

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309110009

ISBN 13

9780309110006

Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Toxicology,Subcommittee on the Toxicological Risks to Deployed Military Personnel

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Review of the Army's Technical Guides on Assessing and Managing Chemical Hazards to Deployed Personnel

To guide mission planning, military decision makers need information on the health risks of potential exposures to individual soldiers and their potential impact on mission operations. To help with the assessment of chemical hazards, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine developed three technical guides for characterizing chemicals in terms of their risks to the mission and to the health of the force. The report reviews these guides for their scientific validity and conformance with current risk-assessment practices. The report finds that the military exposure guidelines are appropriate (with some modification) for providing force health protection, but that for assessing mission risk, a new set of exposure guidelines is needed that predict concentrations at which health effects would degrade the performance of enough soldiers to hinder mission accomplishment.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

215

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309092213

ISBN 13

9780309092210

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

By: National Research Council,Transportation Research Board,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs

Emissions inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs subject vehicles to periodic inspections of their emission control systems. Despite widespread use of these programs in air-quality management, policy makers and the public have found a number of problems associated with them. Prominent among these issues is the perception that emissions benefits and other impacts of I/M programs have not been evaluated adequately. Evaluating Vehicle Emissions Inspection and Maintenance Programs assesses the effectiveness of these programs for reducing mobile source emissions. In this report, the committee evaluates the differences in the characteristics of motor vehicle emissions in areas with and without I/M programs, identifies criteria and methodologies for their evaluation, and recommends improvements to the programs. Most useful of all, this book will help summarize the observed benefits of these programs and how they can be redirected in the future to increase their effectiveness.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

261

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309074460

ISBN 13

9780309074469

The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska

Interim Report

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

The Ongoing Challenge of Managing Carbon Monoxide Pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska

Interim Report

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a toxic air pollutant produced largely from vehicle emissions. Breathing CO at high concentrations leads to reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin, which has health effects that include impaired reaction timing, headaches, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, clouding of consciousness, coma, and, at high enough concentrations and long enough exposure, death. In recognition of those health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), as directed by the Clean Air Act, established the health-based National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for CO in 1971. Most areas that were previously designated as "nonattainment" areas have come into compliance with the NAAQS for CO, but some locations still have difficulty in attaining the CO standards. Those locations tend to have topographical or meteorological characteristics that exacerbate pollution. In view of the challenges posed for some areas to attain compliance with the NAAQS for CO, congress asked the National Research Council to investigate the problem of CO in areas with meteorological and topographical problems. This interim report deals specifically with Fairbanks, Alaska. Fairbanks was chosen as a case study because its meteorological and topographical characteristics make it susceptible to severe winter inversions that trap CO and other pollutants at ground level.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

158

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309182751

ISBN 13

9780309182751

A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments

Write a review Read reviews Take a Quiz Solve Book Puzzle

A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments

By: National Research Council,Division on Earth and Life Studies,Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology,Committee on Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments

This book provides a risk-based framework for developing and implementing strategies to manage PCB-contaminated sediments at sites around the country. The framework has seven stages, beginning with problem definition, continuing through assessment of risks and management options, and ending with an evaluation of the success of the management strategy. At the center of the framework is continuous and active involvement of all affected parties-particularly communities-in the development, implementation, and evaluation of the management strategy. A Risk-Management Strategy for PCB-Contaminated Sediments emphasizes the need to consider all risks at a contaminated site, not just human health and ecological effects, but also the social, cultural, and economic impacts. Given the controversy that has arisen at many PCB-contaminated sites, this book provides a consistent, yet flexible, approach for dealing with the many issues associated with assessing and managing the risks at Superfund and other contaminated sites.

Average ratings

N/A

Write a review

Solve jigsaw puzzle

Age

Page Count

451

Publisher

National Academies Press

Published Date

ISBN 10

0309073219

ISBN 13

9780309073219

Book's by Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.)

Username

Password

Password again

Birthday

Email