This book provides laser and lidar professionals and students with some basics learning tools in the field of lidar, laser instrumentation, and data analysis. It benefits also ordinary readers who are interesting in remote sensing with laser. The reader will first get an idea about the history of laser and introductory knowledge on the electromagnetic theory. Then the book familiarizes with basic important definitions of terms such as stimulated emission of radiation, population inversion, spontaneous emission, absorption, laser, lidar, maser, radar, water vapor mixing ratio, water vapor density, etc.... . Some basic equations used in lidar and some lidar techniques are also introduced. Water vapor is one of the most important atmospheric variables that play a key role in air quality, global warming, and climate change. Despite its abundance in the atmosphere, and its importance for the climate system, many questions regarding water vapor are presently unresolved. Raman Lidar system has an extraordinary ability to sense accurately water's high temporal and spatial structure in the atmosphere. This book is a review of the electromagnetic theory. It is finally an introduction to lidar techniques for the measurement of Nitrogen, oxygen, and water vapor in the atmosphere.
From the Pharaohs to Fanon, Dictionary of African Biography provides a comprehensive overview of the lives of the men and women who shaped Africa's history. Unprecedented in scale, DAB covers the whole continent from Tunisia to South Africa, from Sierra Leone to Somalia. It also encompasses the full scope of history from Queen Hatsheput of Egypt (1490-1468 BC) and Hannibal, the military commander and strategist of Carthage (243-183 BC), to Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1909-1972), Miriam Makeba and Nelson Mandela of South Africa (1918 -).
The Kete dance form, once exclusive to royal courts, carries intricate movements, symbolic gestures, and rhythms that mirror Ghanaian history and values. It embodies storytelling, often depicting tales of bravery, unity, or significant historical events. These dances were traditionally reserved for specific occasions within the royal setting, symbolizing prestige, honor, and tradition. With the passage of time, the transmission of Kete royal dance has transcended its original palace context, finding its way into academic domains. Universities and cultural institutions now extend the legacies of this dance form and even act as custodians of this art form, where scholars, dancers, and enthusiasts collaborate to study, preserve, and teach Kete dance. Through meticulous documentation, research, and practice, the academy endeavors to honor the Kete dance while making it accessible to a broader audience. This transmission from palace to academy serves as a testament to the resilience and adaptability of cultural traditions. It ensures the continuity of Ghanaian heritage and allows future generations, both within and beyond Ghana, to appreciate and learn from this profound dance form from an Afrocentric perspective.
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