This book presents a review of the latest advances in speech and video compression, computer networking protocols, the assessment and monitoring of VoIP quality, and next generation network architectures for multimedia services. The book also concludes with three case studies, each presenting easy-to-follow step-by-step instructions together with challenging hands-on exercises. Features: provides illustrative worked examples and end-of-chapter problems; examines speech and video compression techniques, together with speech and video compression standards; describes the media transport protocols RTP and RTCP, as well as the VoIP signalling protocols SIP and SDP; discusses the concepts of VoIP quality of service and quality of experience; reviews next-generation networks based on the IP multimedia subsystem and mobile VoIP; presents case studies on building a VoIP system based on Asterisk, setting up a mobile VoIP system based on Open IMS and Android mobile, and analysing VoIP protocols and quality.
An account of how the dreams and promise of independence from colonial rule crashed into the horror and nightmare of misrule, corruption and eventual stagnation, robbing the people of Nigeria and other African nations of their birthright amidst the presence of immense national wealth. Mr. Orji goes in-depth, identifying the root cause of how these nations with a promising future, lost control of their direction, suffering colossal mishaps on their journey to statehood.
From the Pharaohs to Fanon, Dictionary of African Biography provides a comprehensive overview of the lives of the men and women who shaped Africa's history. Unprecedented in scale, DAB covers the whole continent from Tunisia to South Africa, from Sierra Leone to Somalia. It also encompasses the full scope of history from Queen Hatsheput of Egypt (1490-1468 BC) and Hannibal, the military commander and strategist of Carthage (243-183 BC), to Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana (1909-1972), Miriam Makeba and Nelson Mandela of South Africa (1918 -).
This book examines the role of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) practitioners in coordinating, creating, and managing regional governance practices in the areas of public health, peace and security, and microfinancial integration. Since 1975, there have been many failed and successful attempts at unconstitutional government changes in West Africa. During this same period, numerous instruments have been designed to promote peace and security in the region. This book examines the role of bureaucratic actors in the ECOWAS in harmonizing regional integration policy in West Africa. Using data from fieldwork in several countries in West Africa, Balogun observes how ECOWAS practitioners network and strategically engage regional stakeholders in health, peace and security, and finance as a means to deepen harmonization between ECOWAS Member States and build a connection with civil society. Balogun argues that the founding conditions of ECOWAS set the organization on an institutional path to adapt its approaches to regional governance. Region-Building in West Africa challenges the idea that self-interested leaders limit regional cooperation. The book also challenges the idea that the bureaucrats in the organization are glorified servants to their governments. Region-Building in West Africa instead focuses on the influence that bureaucrats have in shaping the international policy agenda of ECOWAS. This book will be useful to scholars, students, and practitioners in Africa and beyond who want to better understand the inner workings of African regional organizations, and the processes that drive cooperation across West Africa.
Génératrice d’emplois et de productivité, l’industrialisation est un vecteur de croissance qui coïncide souvent avec l’accélération du développement dans les économies les plus avancées. Cela étant, du fait de la rapidité des avancées technologiques et des restructurations qu’a connues le commerce international, certains chercheurs et décideurs remettent aujourd’hui en cause les contributions de l’industrie manufacturière au développement dans les Etats où son apparition est tardive. Dans le même temps, l’industrialisation et les transformations structurelles font partie intégrante de l’Agenda 2063 de l’Union africaine et des stratégies de développement de nombreux pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne. A la lumière de ce regain d’intérêt pour l’industrialisation dans l’ensemble de la région, il importe moins de savoir si les pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne doivent considérer l’industrialisation comme l’une des voies vers la croissance durable que de promouvoir effi cacement les perspectives ouvertes par cette dernière. L’industrialisation en Afrique subsaharienne : Saisir les opportunités offertes par les chaînes de valeur mondiales se penche sur cette question en proposant de réévaluer les perspectives d’industrialisation des pays d’Afrique sub-saharienne au travers de leur intégration dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales et en examinant le rôle de la politiques dans le renforcement de ces perspectives.Les principaux enseignements de cette étude indiquent que • L’Afrique sub-saharienne n’a pas connu de désindustrialisation précoce; au contraire, la région a bénéfi cié d’une croissance substantielle de l’emploi manufacturier en dépit d’une contribution toujours limitée de la valeur ajoutée industrielle au PIB. • L’intégration de la région aux chaînes de valeur industrielles mondiales reste relativement élevée, bien qu’elle soit marquée par la présence dominante des produits primaires et par le recours à l’emploi peu qualifi é. • L’intégration aux chaînes de valeur mondiales conduit à des créations d’emplois et l’intégration verticale en amont permet d’en créer encore davantage. Le présent ouvrage souligne l’importance des politiques dans le maintien d’un marché compétitif, dans la promotion d’une hausse de la productivité, dans l’encouragement du développement des compétences et dans l’accompagnement de secteurs tels que les infrastructures et la fi nance. Les décideurs politiques peuvent renforcer les connections des chaînes de valeur mondiales 1) en augmentant la valeur ajoutée des produits d’export existants, 2) en encourageant la reconversion vers l’emploi hautement qualifi é et 3) en créant des avantages comparatifs pour les industries centrées sur les savoirs.
Industrialization drives the sustained growth in jobs and productivity that marks the developmental take-off of most developed economies. Yet, academics and policy makers have questioned the role of manufacturing in development for late industrializers, especially ith more job creation. Industrialization drives the sustained growth in jobs and productivity that marks the developmental take-off of most developed economies. Yet, academics and policy makers have questioned the role of manufacturing in development for late industrializers, especially in view of rapid advancements in technologies and restructuring of international trade.Concurrently, industrialization and structural transformation are integral to the African Union’s Agenda 2063 and the development strategies of several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Given this renewed interest in industrialization across the region, a central question is not whether SSA countries should pursue industrialization as a potential path to sustainable growth but how to promote the prospects of industrialization. Industrialization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Seizing Opportunities in Global Value Chains addresses this question by reassessing the prospects for industrialization in SSA countries through integration into global value chains. It also examines the role of policy in enhancing these prospects. The main findings indicate that • SSA has not experienced premature deindustrialization; the region has witnessed substantial growth in manufacturing jobs despite a lack of improvement in the contribution of manufacturing value-added to GDP. • The region’s integration into manufacturing global value chains is reasonably high but it is dominated by exports of primary products and engagement in low-skill tasks. • Global value chain integration has led to job growth, and backward integration is associated with more job creation. The report emphasizes the role of policy in maintaining a competitive market environment, promoting productivity growth, and investing in skills development and enabling sectors such as infrastructure and finance. Policy makers can strengthen the global value chain linkages by (1) increasing the value-added content of current exports, (2) upgrading into high-skill tasks, and (3) creating comparative advantages in knowledge-intensive industries.
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