Competition Policy An Empirical and Economic Approach Emmanuel Combe It is a truism of competition that, paradoxically, those who were responsible for yesterday’s innovations and productivity become obstacles to future growth. This is why competition law has been assigned such an important role in modern countries—to detect and sanction anticompetitive practices that prevent the entry of new, efficient competitors. This utterly original book, which thoroughly explains competition policy using economic analyses of European and U.S. antitrust cases, illuminates the complex but crucial back-and-forth between economic theory and competition law practice. Covering the full range of competition policy, from antitrust (cartels, abuse of dominant position) to merger control, the book not only offers a general view of competition policy in Europe and the United States but also clearly explains the economic underpinnings that guide it, thus illustrating how principles are applied in practice. Issues and topics include the following: economic approach of antitrust sanctions; role of criminal sanctions and private actions; factors favoring cartel formation and stability; role of leniency policies; vertical restraints in the age of e-commerce; economic assessment of R&D and licensing agreements; detecting and sanctioning predatory pricing; exploitative and exclusionary abuses; and impact of a horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers on competition. All the major fields of competition policy are clearly explained, with many illustrative examples from case law. There is also a chapter presenting an overview of competition policies around the world, as well as the legal and institutional framework within which they operate. At a time of increasing public concern regarding high industrial concentration, especially in the digital sector, the question of regulating competition is returning to the forefront. Given that the concepts and tools of economic analysis are widely used by competition authorities, this book gives lawyers a clear understanding of the objectives and instruments of competition policy. It will thus enable corporate counsel, academics, and policymakers to apply or formulate competition law with increased precision in their day-to-day work.
In The Trial of Hissein Habré: The International Crimes of a Former Head of State, Emmanuel Guematcha recounts the trial of Hissein Habré, the former head of state of Chad. Accused of committing crimes against humanity, war crimes, and torture while ruling Chad between 1982 and 1990, Hissein Habré was tried in Dakar, Senegal, by the Extraordinary African Chambers. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2016 and the sentence was confirmed in 2017. . In a narrative style, Guematcha examines the process that led to this achievement in Africa, including the failed attempts to try Hissein Habré in the Senegalese, Chadian, and Belgian courts. Guematcha discusses the mobilization of victims and the involvement of nongovernmental and international organizations. He describes the particularities of the Extraordinary African Chambers, analyzes the establishment of Hissein Habré’s criminal responsibility, and presents the trial through the testimonies of several victims, witnesses, and experts. These testimonies shed light on what it means for individuals to be subjected to international crimes. The author also questions the impact and significance of the trial in Africa and beyond.
CD46 is a widely expressed transmembrane protein that was initially identified as binding and inactivating C3b and C4b complement products. CD46 is also recognized by several human pathogens that use this surface protein as an entry receptor. Cross-linking of CD46 leads to activation of different biological functions, including pathways involved in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Work from the Rabourdin-Combe laboratory has described a new function for CD46 in the activation of macroautophagy. We showed that the engagement of CD46, using agonist antibody against CD46, induces formation of de novo autophagosomes that ultimately fuse with lysosomes. CD46-mediated autophagy is regulated by a scaffold protein named GOPC, which directly connects CD46 with the initiation complex of autophagy Beclin 1/PI3KC3. Interestingly, at least two CD46–binding pathogens, Group A streptococcus and measles virus, are able to induce autophagy through a CD46/GOPC pathway. CD46-mediated autophagy is clearly involved in the degradation of Group A streptococcus following their entry in cytosol. Thus, physical connection between CD46 and autophagy could confer on this receptor the potency to sense pathogens and initiate antimicrobial responses.
Margaret (Peggy) Wilson, born in England in 1897, was the model of the new woman, serving as a medical volunteer during World War I, and later going to medical school to become a doctor of tropical diseases. In 1926, Peggy traveled to Kathmandu, and four years later married her friend from medical school who was on assignment with the British Colonial Medical Service in Tanganyika (modern-day Tanzania). Peggy and Donald spent the next 30 years working side-by-side on malaria research and public health, winning multiple awards in the process. Peggy's daughter Sylvie, born in 1935, recalls World War II in Tanganyika and Kenya, boarding school, and university at Cambridge. After university, Sylvie returned home to teach and married a Greek Tanganyikan farmer. They welcomed independence and the nation of Tanzania, yet struggled under the impacts it had for expats. While most of the Greek community left Tanzania, Sylvie and her husband persisted on the slopes of Kilimanjaro, participating in building new Tanzania. Drawn from Peggy's unpublished memoir and the letters, diaries and photographs that Sylvie meticulously collected, this inspiring mother-daughter memoir spans three continents and a century of travel, love, defiance, wars, medical research, and revolutions.
This volume combines elements of human geography, historical demography, economic history and folk culture in a depiction of a great agrarian cycle, lasting from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment. It describes the conflicts and contradictions of a traditional peasant society in whic the rise in population was not matched by increases in wealth and food production.
This book is an essential guide for all education studies students, providing you with a clear overview of the key issues within your first year. It is an introductory text that encourages critical engagement, to enable you to develop a detailed understanding of the power and importance of education. The issues are presented in four main sections - Theoretical Perspectives; Policy; Society and the Individual; Inside the School - helping you to make the connections between the different themes. 'Stop, Think and Do' boxes play a key part throughout the book, encouraging you to critically reflect on both the issues within the chapters and within Education as a whole. Other features include: Introductions to each chapter to link the themes discussed in each section A summary of the key issues in each chapter for reflection Examples and case studies Links to key readings The book helps you to extend your understanding of educational issues beyond schools to other phases of educational provision.
Outdoor sports enthusiast and extreme doctor Emmanuel Cauchy reveals here for the first time the perilous rescues he’s performed in the world’s most terrifying and unforgiving mountain climates. Known around the world as the “vertical doctor,” Emmanuel Cauchy gives stunning and terrifying accounts of his days as a rescue doctor on Mont Blanc, which rises more than 11,000 feet in the Alps along the French-Italian border. From snowy mountain peaks and deep mountain crevasses to the small confines of a helicopter high above—Cauchy’s job takes him where most of us can only imagine. Using new scientific research pioneered on the mountainside in life-saving medical procedures, Cauchy’s dramatic mountain rescues will leave even the most seasoned reader, doctor, or outdoorsman astonished. Here are seventeen years spent in the air and on the ground in some of the world’s most unforgiving territory. His tales describe the extremes of both climate and human endurance and reverberate with the author’s unshakable love of life. This is an uplifting, extraordinary, and moving book from a great humanitarian stuntman who spent his time literally living life on the edge.
LeRoy Ladurie analyzes the behavior, demography, social mentality, and cosmology of the community of peasants and shepherds, and vividly evokes the daily life of the village and mountain pastures. His portrait of Montaillou is dominated by the personal histories of two men: the cur Pierre Clergue, a brutal and powerful man who placed his enemies in the hands of the inquisitor; and the shepherd Pierre Maury, a friend of the Albigensian perfecti and a fatalist who returned from Spain to disappear in the inquisitor's prison in his own country. Montaillou, which has received even more praise than LeRoy Ladurie's earlier work, provides a portrait of a fascinating place with a dark, intriguing history.
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