This is a first-hand account of the changing role of the federal government in science policy from World War II to the present day. During this period, the U.S. government formulated how it would finance university research and stimulate scientists to take leadership roles in many areas. As chief scientist of the Office of Naval Research, Emanuel Piore was at the center of these events. His story tells us much about how the United States was able to catapult into world leadership in science in the postwar period. In simple, direct prose, Piore describes how the U. S. government encouraged key groups of mostly younger scientists to organize into working groups at Cal Tech, Berkeley, Los Alamos, Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, and MIT during World War II. These groups carried out major projects that both assured the allied victory and set the stage for postwar relations between Washington and the universities. He describes his role of research at IBM as the corporation took the lead in developing the new computer industry. And he has a good deal to say about how the science adviser to the president has fared under presidents from Eisenhower to Bush. Piore offers trenchant observations about the strengths and weakness of national science policy among the leading countries of Western Europe, Japan, and the Soviet Union. And he tells us how the National Academy of Sciences operates and the problems it encounters. Piore's story has much to tell us about the basis for U.S. leadership in science, as well as policy decisions that may weaken our scientific base. It will be of interest to all those interested in the interaction of science and society.
Few issues cause academics to disagree more than gender and race, especially when topics are addressed in terms of biological differences. To conduct research in these areas or comment favorably on research can subject one to scorn.When these topics are addressed, they generally take the form of philosophical debates. Anthony Walsh focuses upon such debates and supporting research. He divides parties into biologists and social constructionists, arguing that biologists remain focused on laboratory work, while constructionists are acutely aware of the impact of biologists in contested territories.Science Wars introduces the ideas motivating the parties and examines social constructionism and its issues with science. He explores arguments over conceptual tools scientists love and constructionists abhor, and he provides a solid discussion of the co-evolution of genes and culture. Walsh then focuses his attention on gender, how constructionists view it, and the neuroscience explanation of gender differences. Moving to race, Walsh looks at how some have tried to bury the concept of race, while others emphasize it. He considers definitions of race—essentialist, taxonomic, population, and lineage—as they have evolved from the time of the Enlightenment to the present. And finally, he attempts to bring the opposing sides together by pointing out what each can bring to a meaningful discussion.
Few issues cause academics to disagree more than gender and race, especially when topics are addressed in terms of biological differences. To conduct research in these areas or comment favorably on research can subject one to scorn.When these topics are addressed, they generally take the form of philosophical debates. Anthony Walsh focuses upon such debates and supporting research. He divides parties into biologists and social constructionists, arguing that biologists remain focused on laboratory work, while constructionists are acutely aware of the impact of biologists in contested territories.Science Wars introduces the ideas motivating the parties and examines social constructionism and its issues with science. He explores arguments over conceptual tools scientists love and constructionists abhor, and he provides a solid discussion of the co-evolution of genes and culture. Walsh then focuses his attention on gender, how constructionists view it, and the neuroscience explanation of gender differences. Moving to race, Walsh looks at how some have tried to bury the concept of race, while others emphasize it. He considers definitions of race—essentialist, taxonomic, population, and lineage—as they have evolved from the time of the Enlightenment to the present. And finally, he attempts to bring the opposing sides together by pointing out what each can bring to a meaningful discussion.
This is a first-hand account of the changing role of the federal government in science policy from World War II to the present day. During this period, the U.S. government formulated how it would finance university research and stimulate scientists to take leadership roles in many areas. As chief scientist of the Office of Naval Research, Emanuel Piore was at the center of these events. His story tells us much about how the United States was able to catapult into world leadership in science in the postwar period. In simple, direct prose, Piore describes how the U. S. government encouraged key groups of mostly younger scientists to organize into working groups at Cal Tech, Berkeley, Los Alamos, Chicago, Columbia, Harvard, and MIT during World War II. These groups carried out major projects that both assured the allied victory and set the stage for postwar relations between Washington and the universities. He describes his role of research at IBM as the corporation took the lead in developing the new computer industry. And he has a good deal to say about how the science adviser to the president has fared under presidents from Eisenhower to Bush. Piore offers trenchant observations about the strengths and weakness of national science policy among the leading countries of Western Europe, Japan, and the Soviet Union. And he tells us how the National Academy of Sciences operates and the problems it encounters. Piore's story has much to tell us about the basis for U.S. leadership in science, as well as policy decisions that may weaken our scientific base. It will be of interest to all those interested in the interaction of science and society.
Emanuel Adler is one of the leading IR theorists of his generation. This volume brings together a collection of his articles, including four new and previously unpublished chapters.
This anthology presents a variety of historical, social, and philosophical perspectives on technological change and its social consequences, stressing the manner in which technological innovation creates new ethical problems for human civilization. Providing a strong foundation in both theoretical and applied ethical matters, SOCIETY, ETHICS, AND TECHNOLOGY encourages students to critically engage anew the social effects of the technology that surrounds them in their daily lives.
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