Potential impact aroma compounds of gin have been identified using Gas Chromatogry Olfactometry Mass-Spectrometry (GC-O-MS). In order to select some of them for a recombination study, we developed a specific procedure. Instead of only choosing the compounds on criteria such as their odor quality or their odor activity values, we also used physico-chemical parameters and information on their botanical origin. Data were organized in blocks homogeneous in terms of parameter type. Different statistical treatments were used in order to classify the compounds either by analyzing the parameters altogether or separately block by block.
The Phase Ratio Variation (PRV) method is a very valuable method commonly used for liquid/vapor partition coefficients data acquisition of aroma compounds. Nevertheless, there are some limitations to this method, especially for volatile compounds. A careful examination of the PRV equation leads us to propose the following expression: We performed an examination for two cases of K values (K1=0.001 and K2=0.05), highlighting that a careful choice of β range values is crucial in the reliability of the regression calculation 1/A versus β.
The influence of satiation before and after a pasta meal was studied through the evaluation of aroma release and chewing activity during the consumption of a flavored model cheese. Aroma release during cheese consumption was found to be higher after satiation than before. The difference can be explained by an increase in the duration of the chewing sequence and an increase in the chewing muscular work after satiation. However, the pulmonary flow was not affected by satiation.
The aim of this study was to characterize odor-active compounds and sensory properties of four aromatic caramels. The volatile fraction was isolated by solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/O with the detection frequency method. Furthermore, descriptive sensory profiles were performed with a panel of 10 trained assessors. Of the 77 odorant areas detected (detection frequency≥33%), 40 were associated to identified molecules. GC/O data were correlated to sensory attributes by partial least squares regression (PLSR). Oxygenated heterocycles, cyclopentenone derivatives, and carboxylic acids appeared as the most important contributors in caramel aroma.
Our objective was to better understand the impact of oral physiological characteristics on some bolus properties, i.e. viscosity, incorporated saliva rate, tongue coating, and the release of flavor from fat spreads. To complete this approach, interindividual variability related to oral physiological characteristics, i.e. salivary flow (at rest and stimulated), and composition as well as oral characteristics have been considered. The results showed that the impact of oral characteristics is more important for bolus formation than aroma release. Alone, oral and salivary physiology do not explain the release of flavor of aroma from fat spreads.
This chapter proposed an integrated approach to better understand the role of cheese composition, physiological parameters, and individual chewing behavior on aroma release and perception. Product effect (six cheeses) was more important than subject effect (14 healthy consumers). Differences were observed according to the hydrophobic properties of aroma compounds. More ethyl propanoate and less nonan-2-one (more hydrophobic compound) were released from cheeses with higher fat levels, and more of these two aroma compounds were released from firmer cheeses compared to softer cheeses. For nonan-2-one, the amount of aroma released could not explain the perception due to fat-aroma sensory interactions.
Potential impact aroma compounds of gin have been identified using Gas Chromatogry Olfactometry Mass-Spectrometry (GC-O-MS). In order to select some of them for a recombination study, we developed a specific procedure. Instead of only choosing the compounds on criteria such as their odor quality or their odor activity values, we also used physico-chemical parameters and information on their botanical origin. Data were organized in blocks homogeneous in terms of parameter type. Different statistical treatments were used in order to classify the compounds either by analyzing the parameters altogether or separately block by block.
The influence of satiation before and after a pasta meal was studied through the evaluation of aroma release and chewing activity during the consumption of a flavored model cheese. Aroma release during cheese consumption was found to be higher after satiation than before. The difference can be explained by an increase in the duration of the chewing sequence and an increase in the chewing muscular work after satiation. However, the pulmonary flow was not affected by satiation.
Our objective was to better understand the impact of oral physiological characteristics on some bolus properties, i.e. viscosity, incorporated saliva rate, tongue coating, and the release of flavor from fat spreads. To complete this approach, interindividual variability related to oral physiological characteristics, i.e. salivary flow (at rest and stimulated), and composition as well as oral characteristics have been considered. The results showed that the impact of oral characteristics is more important for bolus formation than aroma release. Alone, oral and salivary physiology do not explain the release of flavor of aroma from fat spreads.
In this collection of articles, Kari Elisabeth Børresen and Kari Vogt point out the convergence of androcentric gender models in the Christian and Islamic traditions. They provide extensive surveys of recent research in women's studies, with bio-socio-cultural genderedness as their main analytical category. Matristic writers from late Antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance are analysed in terms of a female God language, reshaping traditional theology. The persisting androcentrism of 20th-century Christianity and Islam, as displayed in institutional documents promoting women's specific functions, is critically exposed. This volume presents a pioneering investigation of correlated Christian and Islamic gender models which has hitherto remained uncompared by women's studies in religion. This work will serve scholars and students in the humanistic disciplines of theology, religious studies, Islamic studies, history of ideas, Medieval philosophy and women's history.
At the outbreak of the First World War, Great Britain quickly took steps to initiate a naval blockade against Germany. In addition to military goods and other contraband, foodstuffs and fertilizer were also added to the list of forbidden exports to Germany. As the grip of the Blockade strengthened, Germans complained that civilians-particularly women and children-were going hungry because of it. The impact of the blockade on non-combatants was especially fraught during the eight month period of the Armistice when the blockade remained in force. Even though fighting had stopped, German civilians wondered how they would go through another winter of hunger. The issue became internationalised as civic leaders across the country wrote books, pamphlets, and articles about their distress, and begged for someone to step in and relieve German women and children with food aid. Their pleas were answered with an outpouring of generosity from across the world. Some have argued, then and since, that these outcries were based on gross exaggerations based more on political need rather than actual want. This book examines what the actual nutritional statuses of women and children in Germany were during and following the War. Mary Cox uses detailed height and weight data for over 600,000 German children to show the true measure of overall deprivation, and to gauge infant recovery.
This fully updated edition of Developmental Neuropsychology: A Clinical Approach addresses key issues in child neuropsychology with a unique emphasis on evidence-informed clinical practice rather than research issues. Although research findings are presented, they are described with emphasis on what is relevant for assessment, treatment and management of paediatric conditions. The authors focus on a number of areas. First, the text examines the natural history of childhood central nervous system (CNS) insult, highlighting studies where children have been followed over time to determine the impact of injury on ongoing development. Second, processes of normal and abnormal cerebral and cognitive development are outlined and the concepts of brain plasticity and the impact of early CNS insult discussed. Third, using a number of common childhood CNS disorders as examples, the authors develop a model which describes the complex interaction among biological, psychosocial and cognitive factors in the brain-injured child. Finally, principles of evidence-based assessment, diagnosis and intervention are discussed. The text will be of use on advanced undergraduate courses in developmental neuropsychology, postgraduate clinical training programmes and for professionals working with children in clinical psychology, clinical neuropsychology and educational and rehabilitation contexts. The text is also an important reference for those working in paediatric research.
This chapter proposed an integrated approach to better understand the role of cheese composition, physiological parameters, and individual chewing behavior on aroma release and perception. Product effect (six cheeses) was more important than subject effect (14 healthy consumers). Differences were observed according to the hydrophobic properties of aroma compounds. More ethyl propanoate and less nonan-2-one (more hydrophobic compound) were released from cheeses with higher fat levels, and more of these two aroma compounds were released from firmer cheeses compared to softer cheeses. For nonan-2-one, the amount of aroma released could not explain the perception due to fat-aroma sensory interactions.
The aim of this study was to characterize odor-active compounds and sensory properties of four aromatic caramels. The volatile fraction was isolated by solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and analyzed by GC/MS and GC/O with the detection frequency method. Furthermore, descriptive sensory profiles were performed with a panel of 10 trained assessors. Of the 77 odorant areas detected (detection frequency≥33%), 40 were associated to identified molecules. GC/O data were correlated to sensory attributes by partial least squares regression (PLSR). Oxygenated heterocycles, cyclopentenone derivatives, and carboxylic acids appeared as the most important contributors in caramel aroma.
The Phase Ratio Variation (PRV) method is a very valuable method commonly used for liquid/vapor partition coefficients data acquisition of aroma compounds. Nevertheless, there are some limitations to this method, especially for volatile compounds. A careful examination of the PRV equation leads us to propose the following expression: We performed an examination for two cases of K values (K1=0.001 and K2=0.05), highlighting that a careful choice of β range values is crucial in the reliability of the regression calculation 1/A versus β.
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