The Russia Direct Guidebook to Russian Foreign Policy, including work by prominent international experts, looks back at some of the defining moments in Moscow’s relations with the world over the past year and analyzes the challenges ahead. From the build-up and execution of the Sochi Olympics to the developments in U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation, we’ve taken a nuanced look into some of the most critical issues that have had an effect on Russia’s relationship with other countries. This guide compiles five quarterly reports published by Russia Direct from 2013 to 2014 which delve into the changing geopolitical conditions of the time: "Russian Soft Power 2.0" "Afghan Endgame: What Comes Next" "Sochi: Going for the Olympic Gold" "Megatons to Megawatts Program: Hard Lessons and New Opportunities for US-Russian Nuclear cooperation" "From Brain Drain to Brain Gain" The issues covered in this guidebook span a range of topics: how Russia is projecting its military power abroad in conflict zones such as Afghanistan, how it copes with the problem of global terrorism along its own borders, how it manages its economic development by trying to reverse the brain drain, and how Moscow is pivoting in its approach to soft power. Enhance your understanding of Russia by reading expert analysis from the likes of: Thomas Neff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ivan Timofeev of the Russian International Affairs Council, George Joffé of the University of Cambridge – just to name a few. The Russia Direct Guidebook to Russian Foreign Policy, including work by prominent international experts, looks back at some of the defining moments in Moscow’s relations with the world over the past year and analyzes the challenges ahead. From the build-up and execution of the Sochi Olympics to the developments in U.S.-Russia nuclear cooperation, we’ve taken a nuanced look into some of the most critical issues that have had an effect on Russia’s relationship with other countries. This guide compiles five quarterly reports published by Russia Direct from 2013 to 2014 which delve into the changing geopolitical conditions of the time: "Russian Soft Power 2.0" "Afghan Endgame: What Comes Next" "Sochi: Going for the Olympic Gold" "Megatons to Megawatts Program: Hard Lessons and New Opportunities for US-Russian Nuclear cooperation" "From Brain Drain to Brain Gain" The issues covered in this guidebook span a range of topics: how Russia is projecting its military power abroad in conflict zones such as Afghanistan, how it copes with the problem of global terrorism along its own borders, how it manages its economic development by trying to reverse the brain drain, and how Moscow is pivoting in its approach to soft power. Enhance your understanding of Russia by reading expert analysis from the likes of: Thomas Neff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Ivan Timofeev of the Russian International Affairs Council, George Joffé of the University of Cambridge – just to name a few. The Russia Direct Guidebook to Russian Foreign Policy includes maps, infographics, charts and details you can’t get anywhere else.
The adverse consequences of pollution impact on terrestrial ecosystems have been under careful investigation since the beginning of the twentieth century. Several thousand case studies have documented the biotic effects occurring in contaminated areas. However, after more than a century of research, ecologists are still far from understanding the effects of pollution on biota. Only a few generalisations have been made on the basis of extensive monitoring programs and numerous expe- ments with industrial contaminants. The need to reveal general patterns in the responses of terrestrial biota to ind- trial pollution and to identify the sources of variation in these responses became obvious more than a decade ago. At about that time, our team initiated a quanti- tive research synthesis of the biotic effects caused by industrial pollution, based on 1 a meta-analysis of published data. All meta-analyses conducted so far (covering diversity and abundance of soil microfungi, diversity of vascular plants, diversity and abundance of terrestrial arthropods, and plant growth and reproduction) c- sistently showed high heterogeneity in the responses of terrestrial biota to industrial pollution. At the same time, they demonstrated an unexpected shortage of infor- tion suitable for meta-analyses, as well as a considerable influence of methodology of primary studies on the outcome of the research syntheses. To overcome the identified problems, we designed a comparative study, the results of which are reported in this book.
Here then is the fruit of Elena Kuz'mina's life-long quest for the Indo-Iranians. Already its predecessor ("Otkuda prishli indoarii?," published in 1994) was considered the most comprehensive analysis of the origins of the Indo-Iranians ever published, but in this new, significantly expanded edition (edited by J.P. Mallory) we find an encyclopaedic account of the Andronovo culture of Eurasia. Taking its evidence from archaeology, linguistics, ethnology, mythology, and physical anthropology pertaining to Indo-Iranian origins and expansions, it comprehensively covers the relationships of this culture with neighboring areas and cultures, and its role in the foundation of the Indo-Iranian peoples.
By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science had come into being — crystalline materials research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the “ceramic era” was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of the “ceramic era.” Widening the field of sapphire application necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products, especially those with stipulated properties including a preset structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the physical–chemical processes that take place during the formation of the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the nature and causes of crystal imperfections.
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