Elena Ianchovichina's Books

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Antonio Estache,Elena Ianchovichina,Robert Bacon,Ilhem Salamon

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Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Antonio Estache,Elena Ianchovichina,Robert Bacon,Ilhem Salamon

Infrastructure has a substantial role to play in creating new jobs in the Middle East and North Africa, but its potential varies greatly across countries and sectors and will not suffice to resolve the mounting unemployment problem in the region.

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115

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World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

0821396668

ISBN 13

9780821396667

La evolución geográfica de la productividad y el empleo

Ideas para lograr un crecimiento inclusivo a través de una perspectiva territorial en América Latina y el Caribe

By: Elena Ianchovichina

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La evolución geográfica de la productividad y el empleo

Ideas para lograr un crecimiento inclusivo a través de una perspectiva territorial en América Latina y el Caribe

By: Elena Ianchovichina

En La evolución geográfica de la productividad y el empleo: Ideas para lograr un crecimiento inclusivo a través de una perspectiva territorial en América Latina y el Caribe se utiliza una perspectiva territorial para comprender las tasas de crecimiento económico persistentemente bajas de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Utilizando nuevos datos y métodos, se muestra que la desindustrialización, la distancia y las divisiones son factores interrelacionados que explican la paradoja de la productividad urbana en ALC, a saber: las ciudades densamente pobladas deberían estar entre las más productivas del mundo, pero no lo están. Las ciudades de ALC se han visto frenadas por la falta de dinamismo, la mala conectividad y las divisiones en barrios pobres y prósperos desconectados. A causa de la desindustrialización, el empleo urbano se ha desplazado, especialmente en las ciudades más grandes de la región, de las manufacturas a actividades no comercializables menos dinámicas y de baja productividad, como el comercio minorista y los servicios personales y de otra índole, que se benefician menos con la aglomeración, sobre todo en ciudades muy congestionadas. Si bien el empleo en el sector de los servicios comercializables urbanos ha aumentado, el alza ha sido lo suficientemente firme como para compensar la disminución del empleo en el sector manufacturero. Al mismo tiempo, los problemas de conectividad interurbana han menoscabado el desempeño de la red de ciudades de la región, dado que restringen el acceso a los mercados y la capacidad de las empresas para beneficiarse de la especialización reubicándose en ciudades más pequeñas. Dentro de las ciudades, la conectividad deficiente y la segregación del mercado laboral residencial han limitado los beneficios de la aglomeración a los vecindarios de los distritos comerciales centrales donde operan las empresas formales. La informalidad ha persistido en los barrios de bajos ingresos, cuyos habitantes enfrentan múltiples privaciones. En cambio, muchas zonas agrícolas y mineras se han beneficiado con la fuerte demanda de productos básicos por parte de China y otras economías de rápido crecimiento, particularmente durante la década dorada (2003-13), lo que llevó a una disminución de la desigualdad territorial en la mayoría de los países de la región. Se concluye que, para fomentar el crecimiento inclusivo, los países deben transformar más eficientemente la riqueza natural en capital humano, infraestructura e instituciones, y mejorar la competitividad de la economía urbana. En tal sentido, se esbozan los contornos de dicha strategia de desarrollo, identificando las prioridades en materia de políticas a nivel nacional, regional y local.

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372

Publisher

World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464820902

ISBN 13

9781464820908

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean

By: Elena Ianchovichina

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The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean

By: Elena Ianchovichina

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment: Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean employs a territorial lens to understand the persistently low economic growth rates in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Using new data and methods, it shows that deindustrialization, distance, and divisions offer intertwined explanations for an urban productivity paradox in the LAC region: its highly dense cities should be among the world’s most productive, yet they are not. LAC cities have been held back by lack of dynamism, poor connectivity, and divisions into disconnected poor and affluent neighborhoods. Deindustrialization has shifted urban employment, especially in the largest LAC cities, away from manufacturing and toward less dynamic, low-productivity nontradable activities, such as retail trade and personal and other services, that profit less from agglomeration, especially in highly congested cities. Although employment in urban tradable services has risen, the increase has not been strong enough to offset the decline in manufacturing employment. Meanwhile, intercity connectivity issues have undermined the performance of the region’s network of cities by restricting market access and firms’ ability to benefit from specialization in smaller cities. Within cities, poor connectivity and residential labor market segregation have limited the gains from agglomeration to neighborhoods in central business districts where formal firms operate. Informality has persisted in low-income neighborhoods, where residents face multiple deprivations. By contrast, many agricultural and mining areas have benefited from the strong demand for commodities by China and other fast-growing economies, particularly during the Golden Decade (2003†“13), leading to a decline in territorial inequality in most countries in the region. The report concludes that to encourage inclusive growth, countries must more efficiently transform natural wealth into human capital, infrastructure, and institutions and improve the competitiveness of the urban economy. It then sketches out the contours of such a development strategy, identifying policy priorities at the national, regional, and local levels.

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346

Publisher

World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464820279

ISBN 13

9781464820274

Eruptions of Popular Anger

The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath

By: Elena lanchovichina

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Eruptions of Popular Anger

The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath

By: Elena lanchovichina

Eruptions of Popular Anger: The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath sets out to answer three puzzles—the “Arab inequality†? puzzle of civil uprisings in countries with low-to-moderate and stagnant economic inequality, the “unhappy development†? paradox of increasing dissatisfaction at a time of moderate-to-rapid development, and the paradox of political violence in middle-income countries. The book’s empirical investigation rules out high and rising inequality as a reason for the Arab Spring uprisings. It shows that the real problem was the erosion in middle-class incomes and the growing dissatisfaction with the quality of life, the shortage of formal sector jobs, and corruption. Frustration was particularly high among the young, educated, middle-class residents in urban areas. The old social contract, which had delivered development results in the past and under which Arab governments provided public-sector jobs and subsidized services in return for subdued voice, was unsustainable and malfunctioning. The public sector could no longer be the employer of choice, but the private sector did not generate enough formal sector jobs, because of distortions that constrained its growth and policies that offered advantages to a few firms with political connections, limiting competition and private investment. The breakdown in the social contract increased the premium on freedom and created impetus for political change. This report shows that the Arab Spring revolutions and the subsequent spread of violence and civil wars in the post†“Arab Spring Middle East and North Africa region can be traced to the broken social contract, institutional weaknesses, and regional divisions in societies polarized along ethnic and sectarian lines. The Arab Spring and its aftermath indicate the need for a new social contract under which governments promote private-sector job creation, design public services in a way that holds providers accountable to beneficiaries, and promote inclusion and good governance.

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183

Publisher

World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464811539

ISBN 13

9781464811531

The Promise of Integration

Opportunities in a Changing Global Economy

By: Guillermo Beylis,Elena lanchovichina,William Maloney,Daniel Riera-Crichton,Guillermo Vuletin

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The Promise of Integration

Opportunities in a Changing Global Economy

By: Guillermo Beylis,Elena lanchovichina,William Maloney,Daniel Riera-Crichton,Guillermo Vuletin

The Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region has proved to be relatively resilient in the face of increased debt stress, stubborn inflation, and uncertainty arising from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Income and employment have largely recovered from the pandemic, poverty has receded, and markets remain guardedly optimistic about the near future. However, global uncertainty is rising, including a recent wave of bank failures in the US and Europe. Strengthening resilience, both on the health and macroeconomic fronts, will be paramount. Progress remains pending in both vaccination coverage and health system preparedness, while the institutionality of macroeconomic policy in some countries is being questioned. The evolution of the global economy is providing two new areas of opportunity for the region: the trend toward nearshoring-moving production closer to the US and European markets-and the imperative to combat climate change, which is giving the region a new comparative advantage in sun, wind, hydro, and natural capital. Taking advantage of these will require greater integration into the global economy. Yet, paradoxically, in the face of these opportunities. LAC is becoming less integrated. Trade intensity has largely stagnated, and foreign direct investment (FDI) to most countries has declined. Beyond the long-term structural reforms needed to reduce systemic risk, raise the level and quality of education, invest in infrastructure, and ensure well-functioning financial markets, this report calls to preserve the reputational gains of the past 20 years in terms of macro stability and streamlining regulation dealing with customs and transport to lower the cost of doing business in the region. Export promotion agencies and investment promotion agencies can also help as they have proven track records. A comprehensive approach to both shorter- and longer-term reforms could move LAC toward a renewed and more dynamic engagement with the global economy.

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World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464819874

ISBN 13

9781464819872

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean

By: Elena Ianchovichina

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The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Ideas for Inclusive Growth through a Territorial Lens in Latin America and the Caribbean

By: Elena Ianchovichina

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346

Publisher

World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464820279

ISBN 13

9781464820274

Eruptions of Popular Anger

The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath

By: Elena lanchovichina

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Eruptions of Popular Anger

The Economics of the Arab Spring and Its Aftermath

By: Elena lanchovichina

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183

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World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

1464811539

ISBN 13

9781464811531

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Antonio Estache,Elena Ianchovichina

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Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

By: Antonio Estache,Elena Ianchovichina

The differences in infrastructure and maintenance needs across sub-regions are also impressive, with developing oil exporters expected to require almost 11 percent of their GDP annually, while the oil importing countries and the GCC oil exporters expected to need approximately 6 and 5 percent of their GDP, respectively. Investment and rehabilitation needs are likely to be especially high in the electricity and transport sectors, particularly roads. Rehabilitation needs are expected to account for slightly more than half of total infrastructure needs. While oil exporters will be able to meet their national infrastructure needs if they maintain investment spending at rates prevailing in the 2000s, oil importers will fall short. The infrastructure sector has the potential to contribute to employment creation in MENA.

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Page Count

116

Publisher

World Bank Publications

Published Date

ISBN 10

082139665X

ISBN 13

9780821396650

Book's by Elena Ianchovichina

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

La evolución geográfica de la productividad y el empleo

La evolución geográfica de la productividad y el empleo

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Eruptions of Popular Anger

Eruptions of Popular Anger

The Promise of Integration

The Promise of Integration

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

The Evolving Geography of Productivity and Employment

Eruptions of Popular Anger

Eruptions of Popular Anger

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

Infrastructure and Employment Creation in the Middle East and North Africa

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