This course is devoted to advances of Statistical Mechanics beyond the ideal equilibrium systems. We proceed from the systematic calculation of corrections to the ideal gas law and the van der Waals theory. Next, two-phase coexistence is studied and the Maxwell rule is obtained. The Flory-Huggins theory is derived for polymer solutions. We discuss the generic aspects of phase transitions, phase diagrams, metastable states and applications to chemical reactions. For molecular solutions we derive the Dalton’s, Raoult’s and Henry’s laws, as well as the Van’t-Hoff’s law. Concepts of the non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanics and the Kinetics of phase transitions are overviewed.
After a brief introduction into the probability theory, the main principles of Statistical Mechanics are systematically developed from the first principles for the equilibrium theory. The course proceeds from a mechanistic description of molecular and atomic motion and the concepts of thermodynamical ensembles. For an isolated system the laws of Thermodynamics are derived in the thermodynamic limit. For systems in a heat bath we obtain the Gibbs canonical distribution and explain the concepts of the partition function and the free energy. The ideal gas law is then obtained, and extended to the van der Waals equation of state. The vibrational, rotational and electronic partition functions are obtained for molecular systems. For open thermodynamic systems under a fixed pressure the grand-canonical Gibbs ensemble is introduced with the concepts of the chemical potential and the enthalpy. Finally, the quantum systems with the Bose-Einstein and Fermi statistics are reviewed.
Quantum Mechanics is the core fundamental foundation for understanding the periodic table of the elements, chemical bonding, shapes of molecules and chemical reactions. Along with the minimal background on the relativity theory and the theory of electromagnetic fields presented here, it forms the basis for most of Physical Chemistry techniques such as as spectroscopy, X ray crystallography, light and neutron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance methods, chromatography, electrochemistry, atmospheric and solutions chemistry, and studies of polymers, liquid crystals, as well as of biologically important molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, viruses and cells biochemistry, to mention just a few.
We describe the important role of the in-silico methods in modern Chemistry and Physics of complex systems and overview the major techniques. The Born-Oppenheimer approximation for electronic configurations is introduced. Classical treatment of the motion of nuclei is then considered. Potential energy surfaces, force fields, geometry optimization and energy minimisation methods are discussed. The Newton’s equations of motion and their numerical integration methods are presented with the Euler and Verlet algorithms. Calculation of various observable averages is considered in Molecular Dynamics techniques in the NVE, NVT and NPT ensembles. Brownian stochastic Dynamics and the use of random numbers generators are introduced. Equilibrium simulations based on the Monte Carlo importance sampling methods and the Metropolis algorithm are discussed. The variational approach for the Schrödinger equation and various modern Quantum Chemistry methods for the electronic configurations of atomic and molecular systems are reviewed.
This primer was presented as an advanced undergraduate and postgraduate course at University College Dublin as a follow up to my first series of lectures on Quantum Mechanics within the traditional formalism of operators and wave functions. In turn these notes rely on the lectures given by my MSc and PhD theses supervisor and scientific collaborator Professor N.A. Sveshnikov (1953 - 1997) at the Department of Physics of Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University attended by myself as a student. Proceeding from the seminal ideas of P.A.M. Dirac and R. Feynman and based on the first principles of Quantum Mechanics we derive the path integral representations for the evolution amplitude, the partition function and other observables averages. We compare different schemes of quantisation yielding corresponding symbols of operators in the phase space.
This work presents a unified approach to the vibrations of elastic systems as applied to MEMS devices, mechanical components, and civil structures. Applications include atomic force microscopes, energy harvesters, and carbon nanotubes and consider such complicating effects as squeeze film damping, viscous fluid loading, in-plane forces, and proof mass interactions with their elastic supports. These effects are analyzed as single degree-of-freedom models and as more realistic elastic structures. The governing equations and boundary conditions for beams, plates, and shells with interior and boundary attachments are derived by applying variational calculus to an expression describing the energy of the system. The advantages of this approach regarding the generation of orthogonal functions and the Rayleigh-Ritz method are demonstrated. A large number of graphs and tables are given to show the impact of various factors on the systems’ natural frequencies, mode shapes, and responses.
This work presents a unified approach to the vibrations of elastic systems as applied to MEMS devices, mechanical components, and civil structures. Applications include atomic force microscopes, energy harvesters, and carbon nanotubes and consider such complicating effects as squeeze film damping, viscous fluid loading, in-plane forces, and proof mass interactions with their elastic supports. These effects are analyzed as single degree-of-freedom models and as more realistic elastic structures. The governing equations and boundary conditions for beams, plates, and shells with interior and boundary attachments are derived by applying variational calculus to an expression describing the energy of the system. The advantages of this approach regarding the generation of orthogonal functions and the Rayleigh-Ritz method are demonstrated. A large number of graphs and tables are given to show the impact of various factors on the systems’ natural frequencies, mode shapes, and responses.
What would have been the outcome of World War II if Germany had succeeded in developing their Vengeance Weapons earlier in the war and had been able to mass produce them? This novel provides the answer in an action-packed story. One that came uncomfortably close to actually occurring
Free Mathematica 10 Update Included! Now available from www.wiley.com/go/magrab Updated material includes: - Creating regions and volumes of arbitrary shape and determining their properties: arc length, area, centroid, and area moment of inertia - Performing integrations, solving equations, and determining the maximum and minimum values over regions of arbitrary shape - Solving numerically a class of linear second order partial differential equations in regions of arbitrary shape using finite elements An Engineer's Guide to Mathematica enables the reader to attain the skills to create Mathematica 9 programs that solve a wide range of engineering problems and that display the results with annotated graphics. This book can be used to learn Mathematica, as a companion to engineering texts, and also as a reference for obtaining numerical and symbolic solutions to a wide range of engineering topics. The material is presented in an engineering context and the creation of interactive graphics is emphasized. The first part of the book introduces Mathematica's syntax and commands useful in solving engineering problems. Tables are used extensively to illustrate families of commands and the effects that different options have on their output. From these tables, one can easily determine which options will satisfy one's current needs. The order of the material is introduced so that the engineering applicability of the examples increases as one progresses through the chapters. The second part of the book obtains solutions to representative classes of problems in a wide range of engineering specialties. Here, the majority of the solutions are presented as interactive graphics so that the results can be explored parametrically. Key features: Material is based on Mathematica 9 Presents over 85 examples on a wide range of engineering topics, including vibrations, controls, fluids, heat transfer, structures, statistics, engineering mathematics, and optimization Each chapter contains a summary table of the Mathematica commands used for ease of reference Includes a table of applications summarizing all of the engineering examples presented. Accompanied by a website containing Mathematica notebooks of all the numbered examples An Engineer's Guide to Mathematica is a must-have reference for practitioners, and graduate and undergraduate students who want to learn how to solve engineering problems with Mathematica.
A young actress plummets through the sky, slamming down onto the roof of a parked car. Detectives Anthony Ryan and Joe Gregory believe the Broadway star's "suicide" may actually be something more sinister. The main suspect is a big-time Broadway producer with a shady past. But who is the mysterious figure known only as the "Juggler" -- and what connection does he have to the dead girl? From the back alleys of Broadway to the vanishing Irish communities of Yonkers, Ryan and Gregory work through family secrets and tarnished reputations to find out what really happened on that balcony. As they discover the truth, the case becomes personal for Ryan, bringing him dangerously close to losing everything.
Advanced Engineering Mathematics with Mathematica® presents advanced analytical solution methods that are used to solve boundary-value problems in engineering and integrates these methods with Mathematica® procedures. It emphasizes the Sturm–Liouville system and the generation and application of orthogonal functions, which are used by the separation of variables method to solve partial differential equations. It introduces the relevant aspects of complex variables, matrices and determinants, Fourier series and transforms, solution techniques for ordinary differential equations, the Laplace transform, and procedures to make ordinary and partial differential equations used in engineering non-dimensional. To show the diverse applications of the material, numerous and widely varied solved boundary value problems are presented.
The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, since its inception, has been recognized as a cornerstone of heterocyclic chemistry. Each volume attempts to discuss all aspects – properties, synthesis, reactions, physiological and industrial significance – of a specific ring system. To keep the series up-to-date, supplementary volumes covering the recent literature on each individual ring system have been published. Many ring systems (such as pyridines and oxazoles) are treated in distinct books, each consisting of separate volumes or parts dealing with different individual topics. With all authors are recognized authorities, the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Chemistry is considered worldwide as the indispensable resource for organic, bioorganic, and medicinal chemists.
A comprehensive treatment of the theory and practice of equilibrium finite element analysis in the context of solid and structural mechanics Equilibrium Finite Element Formulations is an up to date exposition on hybrid equilibrium finite elements, which are based on the direct approximation of the stress fields. The focus is on their derivation and on the advantages that strong forms of equilibrium can have, either when used independently or together with the more conventional displacement based elements. These elements solve two important problems of concern to computational structural mechanics: a rational basis for error estimation, which leads to bounds on quantities of interest that are vital for verification of the output and provision of outputs immediately useful to the engineer for structural design and assessment. Key features: Unique in its coverage of equilibrium – an essential reference work for those seeking solutions that are strongly equilibrated. The approach is not widely known, and should be of benefit to structural design and assessment. Thorough explanations of the formulations for: 2D and 3D continua, thick and thin bending of plates and potential problems; covering mainly linear aspects of behaviour, but also with some excursions into non-linearity. Highly relevant to the verification of numerical solutions, the basis for obtaining bounds of the errors is explained in detail. Simple illustrative examples are given, together with their physical interpretations. The most relevant issues regarding the computational implementation of this approach are presented. When strong equilibrium and finite elements are to be combined, the book is a must-have reference for postgraduate students, researchers in software development or numerical analysis, and industrial practitioners who want to keep up to date with progress in simulation tools.
A fully illustrated study of the Soviet Navy's biggest and most powerful surface combatants of the Cold War. Heavily armed and formidable, guided missile cruisers formed the core of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War. From the last class of conventional Sverdlov-class cruisers through to increasingly complex and formidable missile cruisers, these ships ensured that NATO took the Soviet naval threat seriously. Soviet Cold War Guided Missile Cruisers covers all classes of these impressive warships, from the early Sverdlov through the Kynda, Kresta, Kara and Slava to the enormous Kirov classes. Together, these vessels marked the apogee of Soviet naval technology and capability and they remain today the largest non-aircraft carrier warships built since 1945. Containing material previously only available in Russian and fully researched from specialist defence journals, this comprehensive volume examines the design, development, and intended role of these impressive, hi-tech warships, and recounts their dramatic operational history as NATO and Soviet warships faced off against each other during the long Cold War at sea.
Introductory text for graduate students in physics taking a year-long course in quantum mechanics in which the third quarter is devoted to relativistic wave equations and field theory. Answers to selected problems. 1972 edition.
Society is approaching and advancing nano- and microtechnology from various angles of science and engineering. The need for further fundamental, applied, and experimental research is matched by the demand for quality references that capture the multidisciplinary and multifaceted nature of the science. Presenting cutting-edge information that is applicable to many fields, Nano- and Micro-Electromechanical Systems: Fundamentals of Nano and Microengineering, Second Edition builds the theoretical foundation for understanding, modeling, controlling, simulating, and designing nano- and microsystems. The book focuses on the fundamentals of nano- and microengineering and nano- and microtechnology. It emphasizes the multidisciplinary principles of NEMS and MEMS and practical applications of the basic theory in engineering practice and technology development. Significantly revised to reflect both fundamental and technological aspects, this second edition introduces the concepts, methods, techniques, and technologies needed to solve a wide variety of problems related to high-performance nano- and microsystems. The book is written in a textbook style and now includes homework problems, examples, and reference lists in every chapter, as well as a separate solutions manual. It is designed to satisfy the growing demands of undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and professionals in the fields of nano- and microengineering, and to enable them to contribute to the nanotechnology revolution.
The book is organized into four chapters. The first three treat distinct types of design variables, and the fourth presents a built-up structure formulation that combines the other three. The first chapter treats finite-dimensional problems, in which the state variable is a finite-dimensional vector of structure displacements and the design parameters. The structual state equations are matrix equations for static response, vibration, and buckling of structures and matrix differential equations for transient dynamic response of structures, which design variables appearing in the coefficient matrices.
This extensively revised and updated fourth edition provides engineers with the principles and tools needed to turn their familiarity with earlier ACI Codes into more profitable, time-saving routine designs. Created to be used with the ACI Code and Commentary, this outstanding guide follows the new Code format with information covered in more specific sections and subsections in order to enhance clarity. In addition, it shortens the time needed for computer-aided design and analysis, converts code formulas from the review form to direct design, and presents simple formulas, tabulations, and charts for conservative longhand direct design. Two convenient indices - a subject index and a 1995 Code section index - are provided, enabling engineers to quickly locate all Code references to a particular topic, as well as concise interpretation of a given Code section. The Guide also saves engineers time and effort on the job with its detailed coverage of: torsional stiffness, braced and unbraced slender columns with and without sidesway, wide-module joist systems, reinforcement details for economy in design, detailing, fabricating, field erection, and inspection, latest ASTM material specifications, anchorage, development, and splice requirements, high-strength concrete, comparisons between wall and column economy, structural plain concrete. More than ever, the sure-handed Structural Design Guide to the ACI Building Code is an indispensable practical reference for structural, civil, and architectural engineers and students who want to safely meet modern building requirements while taking full advantage of every economy permitted by the 1995 ACI Code.
Originally published in 1959, this volume is a symposium from Official Government documents, Mikolajczyk's private files and other Polish sources is an indictment of Soviet policy towards Poland and of the Western Allies' leniency towards Stalin.
Annotation. Organometallic chemistry is an interdisciplinary science which continues to grow at a rapid pace. Although there is continued interest in synthetic and structural studies the last decade has seen a growing interest in the potential of organometallic chemistry to provide answers to problems in catalysis synthetic organic chemistry and also in the development of new materials. This Specialist Periodical Report aims to reflect these current interests reviewing progress in theoretical organometallic chemistry, main group chemistry, the lanthanides and all aspects of transition metal chemistry. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage of progress in the major areas of chemical research. Written by experts in their specialist fields the series creates a unique service for the active research chemist, supplying regular critical in-depth accounts of progress in particular areas of chemistry. For over 80 years the Royal Society of Chemistry and its predecessor, the Chemical Society, have been publishing reports charting developments in chemistry, which originally took the form of Annual Reports. However, by 1967 the whole spectrum of chemistry could no longer be contained within one volume and the series Specialist Periodical Reports was born. The Annual Reports themselves still existed but were divided into two, and subsequently three, volumes covering Inorganic, Organic and Physical Chemistry. For more general coverage of the highlights in chemistry they remain a 'must'. Since that time the SPR series has altered according to the fluctuating degree of activity in various fields of chemistry. Some titles have remained unchanged, while others have altered their emphasis along with their titles; some have been combined under a new name whereas others have had to be discontinued. The current list of Specialist Periodical Reports can be seen on the inside flap of this volume.
This is the story of the rise and fall of one man against the background of his country's history - bloody, tumultuous, yet immensely significant - since the revolution in 1917. Nikita Sergei Khrushchev was born in 1894, the child of peasants driven from the land by poverty. The infant Khrushchev was one of a vast family of nearly one hundred million peasants, mainly illiterate, latterly liberated from serfdom. He was a child without history, and as an infant, lucky to survive. Sixty years later, nevertheless, he was to become the dominant leader of the Soviet Empire. In this biography Edward Crankshaw describes how this was achieved. Crankshaw provides a vivid and convincing appreciation of Khrushchev's extraordinary and contradictory character within the context of Russian history and society. "[Khrushchev's] career is sketched and his personality analyzed in vivid, readable book by the British Kremlinologist." -Chicago Tribune
Even if you have had no Japanese-language training, you can learn how to translate technical manuals, research publications, and reference works. Basic Technical Japanese takes you step by step from an introduction to the Japanese writing system through a mastery of grammar and scientific vocabulary to reading actual texts in Japanese. You can use the book to study independently or in formal classes. This book places special emphasis on the kanji (characters) that occur most often in technical writing. There are special chapters on the language of mathematics and chemistry, and vocabulary building and reading exercises in physics, chemistry, biology, and biochemistry. With extensive character charts and vocabulary lists, Basic Technical Japanese is entirely self-contained; no dictionaries or other reference works are needed.
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