A newly updated edition of this classic, hugely influential account of how the Romans defended their vast empire. At the height of its power, the Roman Empire encompassed the entire Mediterranean basin, extending much beyond it from Britain to Mesopotamia, from the Rhine to the Black Sea. Rome prospered for centuries while successfully resisting attack, fending off everything from overnight robbery raids to full-scale invasion attempts by entire nations on the move. How were troops able to defend the Empire’s vast territories from constant attacks? And how did they do so at such moderate cost that their treasury could pay for an immensity of highways, aqueducts, amphitheaters, city baths, and magnificent temples? In The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, seasoned defense analyst Edward N. Luttwak reveals how the Romans were able to combine military strength, diplomacy, and fortifications to effectively respond to changing threats. Rome’s secret was not ceaseless fighting, but comprehensive strategies that unified force, diplomacy, and an immense infrastructure of roads, forts, walls, and barriers. Initially relying on client states to buffer attacks, Rome moved to a permanent frontier defense around 117 CE. Finally, as barbarians began to penetrate the empire, Rome filed large armies in a strategy of “defense-in-depth,” allowing invaders to pierce Rome’s borders. This updated edition has been extensively revised to incorporate recent scholarship and archeological findings. A new preface explores Roman imperial statecraft. This illuminating book remains essential to both ancient historians and students of modern strategy.
The authors present dynamic learning activities with research-based strategies and sources for further reading to increase students' confidence in math while effectively addressing NCTM standards.
Clwyd, covering the former counties of Denbighshire and Flintshire, is exceptionally rewarding in architecture. the medieval period has left a fine legacy, including castles of the time of Edward I as sophisticated as any in Europe, the monastic ruins of Basingwerk and Valle Crucis, and the distinctive local 'double-nave' type of Perpendicular church. Country houses range in size and ambition from Erddig, Kinmel and Chirk Castle to a host of lesser buildings, humbler but still of quality. Towns such as Denbigh and Ruthin, village groups and Victorian seaside resorts all add to the pattern of styles and materials, a pattern further enriched by relics of the Industrial revolution and the striking diversity of vernacular styles.
For the architectural tourist, one of Cheshire's greatest delights is the use of timber. Chester, whose famous rows with their upper walkways are unique in medieval Europe, continues the timber-framed tradition in its riotous Victorian buildings but glories also in its Roman past.
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