Why do sugary beverage and fast food industries thrive in the emerging world? An interesting public health paradox has emerged in some developing nations. Despite government commitment to eradicating noncommunicable diseases and innovative prevention programs aimed at reducing obesity and type 2 diabetes, sugary beverage and fast food industries are thriving. But political leaders in countries such as Mexico, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia are reluctant to introduce policies regulating the marketing and sale of their products, particularly among vulnerable groups like children and the poor. Why? In Junk Food Politics, Eduardo J. Gómez argues that the challenge lies with the strategic politics of junk food industries in these countries. Industry leaders have succeeded in creating supportive political coalitions by, ironically, partnering with governments to promote soda taxes, food labeling, and initiatives focused on public awareness and exercise while garnering presidential support (and social popularity) through contributions to government anti-hunger and anti-poverty campaigns. These industries have also manipulated scientific research by working with academic allies while creating their own support bases among the poor through employment programs and community services. Taken together, these tactics have hampered people's ability to mobilize in support of stricter regulation for the marketing and sale of unhealthy products made by companies such as Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and Nestlé. Drawing on detailed historical case studies, Junk Food Politics proposes an alternative political science framework that emphasizes how junk food corporations restructure politics and society before agenda-setting ever takes place. This pathbreaking book also reveals how these global corporations further their policy influence through the creation of transnational nongovernmental organizations that support industry views.
Despite their similar political and economic structures, Brazil and the United States have contrasting relationships with the international community as well as different policy approaches to the prevention and treatment of epidemics. In this regard, an interesting empirical puzzle arises: how and why Brazil was able to outpace the United States in its health policy response to epidemics? The aim of this book is to introduce academic and non-academic audiences to a new, comparative area of scholarly research, combining for the first time international relations and domestic institutional theory to examine the United States and Brazil's health policy systems and their respective responses to epidemics. Conclusions are drawn from an in-depth examination of the actions taken and policies made with regard to tuberculosis, polio and HIV/AIDS epidemics in the two countries. Finally, the questions of what emerging BRICS nations can learn from the successful case of Brazil and to what extent they can adopt Brazil's innovative institutional and policy response to epidemics is considered, with a look to the future of global health diplomacy.This is the first book of its kind to compare the United States and Brazil in such a way, as well as the first to consider what other emerging BRICS countries can learn from Brazil. This fascinating comparison is a must-read for health policy and medical practitioners, academic scholars and students, and the general public with an interest in the international and domestic political conditions leading to policy adoption and implementation.
In Geopolitics in Health, Eduardo J. Gómez takes a critical look at how the emerging BRICS economies dealt with the obesity, AIDS, and tuberculosis epidemics. Despite the countries having similar international political and economic ambitions, Gómez finds that domestic policy responses were driven mainly by international, as opposed to domestic, pressures and interests. Using a theoretical framework called geopolitical positioning, Gómez explores how nations respond to international pressures and policy criticisms, as well as offers of financial and technical assistance; countries then utilize domestic policy innovations and ultimately engage in global health diplomacy in order to bolster their international reputation. --Publisher description.
Despite their similar political and economic structures, Brazil and the United States have contrasting relationships with the international community as well as different policy approaches to the prevention and treatment of epidemics. In this regard, an interesting empirical puzzle arises: how and why was Brazil able to outpace the United States in its health policy response to epidemics?The aim of this book is to introduce a new, comparative area of scholarly research, combining for the first time international relations and domestic institutional theory to examine the United States and Brazil's health policy systems and their respective responses to epidemics. Conclusions are drawn from an in-depth examination of the actions taken and policies made with regard to tuberculosis, polio and HIV/AIDS epidemics in the two countries. Finally, the questions of what emerging BRICS nations can learn from the case of Brazil and to what extent they can adopt Brazil's innovative institutional and policy response to epidemics is considered, with a look to the future of global health diplomacy.This is the first book of its kind to compare the United States and Brazil in such a way, as well as the first to consider what other emerging BRICS countries can learn from Brazil. This fascinating comparison is a must-read for health policy and medical practitioners, academic scholars and students, and the general public with an interest in the international and domestic political conditions leading to policy adoption and implementation.
Global health has been increasingly recognized as a key element of sustainable development. The recent increase in the number of public and private global health actors and the complex global governance for health boosted the need for professionals who combine a thorough understanding of health-related challenges with multidisciplinary training in social sciences, economics, and management. In the past few years, this has led, not only to the mushrooming of courses dedicated to global health, but also academic degrees in global health. By reviewing a recent attempt to innovate the educational offerings in global health policy and management by a consortium of academic institutions in Italy, the book analyzes the recent trends in global health education. The book concludes that while global health and development is certainly an emerging area in the higher education systems of many countries, international offerings in graduate programs are still highly dominated by those taught in medical schools, often failing to combine health sciences with economic, social, and management sciences. The multidisciplinary nature of global health education programs should be improved.
In Geopolitics in Health, Eduardo J. Gómez takes a critical look at how the emerging BRICS economies dealt with the obesity, AIDS, and tuberculosis epidemics. Despite the countries having similar international political and economic ambitions, Gómez finds that domestic policy responses were driven mainly by international, as opposed to domestic, pressures and interests. Using a theoretical framework called geopolitical positioning, Gómez explores how nations respond to international pressures and policy criticisms, as well as offers of financial and technical assistance; countries then utilize domestic policy innovations and ultimately engage in global health diplomacy in order to bolster their international reputation. --Publisher description.
Despite an increased government commitment in some developing countries to eradicating non-communicable diseases and introducing innovative prevention programs aimed at reducing obesity and type-2 diabetes, sugary beverage and fast food companies are thriving there. In examining this paradox, the author presents a political science explanation that emphasizes how junk food industries restructure politics and society before agenda setting for policy ever takes place"--
Despite their similar political and economic structures, Brazil and the United States have contrasting relationships with the international community as well as different policy approaches to the prevention and treatment of epidemics. In this regard, an interesting empirical puzzle arises: how and why was Brazil able to outpace the United States in its health policy response to epidemics?The aim of this book is to introduce a new, comparative area of scholarly research, combining for the first time international relations and domestic institutional theory to examine the United States and Brazil's health policy systems and their respective responses to epidemics. Conclusions are drawn from an in-depth examination of the actions taken and policies made with regard to tuberculosis, polio and HIV/AIDS epidemics in the two countries. Finally, the questions of what emerging BRICS nations can learn from the case of Brazil and to what extent they can adopt Brazil's innovative institutional and policy response to epidemics is considered, with a look to the future of global health diplomacy.This is the first book of its kind to compare the United States and Brazil in such a way, as well as the first to consider what other emerging BRICS countries can learn from Brazil. This fascinating comparison is a must-read for health policy and medical practitioners, academic scholars and students, and the general public with an interest in the international and domestic political conditions leading to policy adoption and implementation.
A timely, accessible survey of the multidisciplinary field of bioanalytical chemistry Provides an all in one approach for both beginners and experts, from a broad range of backgrounds, covering introductions, theory, advanced concepts and diverse applications for each method Each chapter progresses from basic concepts to applications involving real samples Includes three new chapters on Biomimetic Materials, Lab-on-Chip, and Analytical Methods Contains end-of-chapter problems and an appendix with selected answers
The new technological advances opened widely the application field of robots. Robots are moving from the classical application scenario with structured industrial environments and tedious repetitive tasks to new application environments that require more interaction with the humans. It is in this context that the concept of Wearable Robots (WRs) has emerged. One of the most exciting and challenging aspects in the design of biomechatronics wearable robots is that the human takes a place in the design, this fact imposes several restrictions and requirements in the design of this sort of devices. The key distinctive aspect in wearable robots is their intrinsic dual cognitive and physical interaction with humans. The key role of a robot in a physical human–robot interaction (pHRI) is the generation of supplementary forces to empower and overcome human physical limits. The crucial role of a cognitive human–robot interaction (cHRI) is to make the human aware of the possibilities of the robot while allowing them to maintain control of the robot at all times. This book gives a general overview of the robotics exoskeletons and introduces the reader to this robotic field. Moreover, it describes the development of an upper limb exoskeleton for tremor suppression in order to illustrate the influence of a specific application in the designs decisions.
Despite being known for a long time, microalgae are gaining importance in recent decades because of their high capacity to fixate atmospheric carbon, assisting in the reduction of global warming. Concurrently with carbon fixation, the production of compounds of commercial interest and reuse of industrial and domestic wastewater turned microalgal culture into one of the most commented-on subjects in the scientific community. In this chapter the photosynthetic metabolism of microalgae is described and discussed, with emphasis on carbon sequestration. The chapter covers the basics of growing algae, the most influential factors in CO2 fixation, and quantification methodologies. Practical data on rates of carbon fixation by microalgae are presented, especially those genera of algae with the greatest potential for industrial application: Spirulina, Chlorella, Haematococcus, Dunaliella, and Botryococcus. Finally, aspects of the growing global carbon market and the role microalgal technologies can play are also discussed.
A concise, illustrated guide to the operative techniques and medical management of liver transplantation Filled with more than 1,000 images, illustrations, and bulleted text, this invaluable book provides a highly visual approach to liver transplantations for a diverse audience of healthcare professionals who treat patients with acute and chronic liver failure that requires full or partial transplantation. With coverage of all topics in the field, this reader-friendly and practical book serves as an ideal reference for residents, fellows, and senior physicians. It is easy to read, simple, and practical. FEATURES Over 1,000 high quality images and illustrations Multi-Disciplinary Approach Overview Liver Disease - Native and Recurrent Recipient Candidate Evaluation Donor Evaluation - Live and Deceased Pharmacy Anesthesia Operative Techniques Post-Operative Management Pathology Dermatological Findings Imaging And much more, including Immunology, Ethics, Quality Control, Risk Management, and Cellular and Tissue Engineering
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