Shola grassland-forest mosaics, also known as sholas, are unique and ecologically significant ecosystems found in the Central & Southern Western Ghats, India. These high-altitude grassland-forest mosaics are characterized by their rolling hills, dense forests, and meadows of grasses and wildflowers. They are not only aesthetically pleasing but also play a crucial role in the biodiversity of the region. They are considered biodiversity hotspots due to their remarkable diversity of flora and fauna. The formation of this unique ecosystem is a dynamic and ongoing process. It is influenced by factors such as fire, grazing by herbivores, rainfall patterns, and human activities. However, other factors like deforestation, land conversion, and invasive species can easily disrupt the delicate balance between grasslands and forests. Consequently, the conservation of this unique ecosystem is crucial for maintaining its ecological integrity and the services it provides, including biodiversity conservation, water regulation, carbon sequestration, and cultural values.
Ghoradeshwar Hill, located in Pune, India, is a popular destination for local tourists. It is a picturesque hill located in the Sahyadri range, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes. The hill is renowned for its natural beauty and religious significance, making it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts and devotees. The Ghoradeshwar temple is located at the top of the hill and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The hill is covered with lush green forests and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes. It is a popular destination for trekking and hiking enthusiasts, who come to explore the many trails that wind through the hill. In addition to its natural beauty and religious significance, Ghoradeshwar Hill is also an important site for research and conservation. The hill is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including many endangered species. Conservationists and researchers come to study the biodiversity of the hill and work on conservation efforts.
Man has been looking into his encompassing and so far as that is concerned his condition in a down to earth sense since his development. His matter of endurance was reliant on his comprehension of the common powers, the greenery encompassing him. Human progress and settled horticulture further reinforced his association with condition as he began adjusting and controlling the powers of nature. Anyway it is critical to comprehend the ideas of condition nature or eco frameworks which are inexactly utilized reciprocally or as substitutes of one another. Where as they contrast in their extension and system.
Sindhudurg district is the Southern part of the greater tract known as the "Konkan" which is historically famous for its long coast line and safe harbours. Sindhudurg district was earlier a part of the Ratnagiri district. For administrative convenience and industrial and agricultural development Ratnagiri district was divided into Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg with effect from 1st May, 1981. Sindhudurg (Sindhu= Sea, Durg= Fort) was built by the great Maratha warrior leader Shivaji in 1664. Shivaji selected the strategic rocky island location "Kurte" for the fort himself to counter foreign forces and to keep the nearby Siddis of Murud-Janjira in check. Shivaji himself was one of the 6000 skilled construction workers on this massive maritime fort project.
Among the wide variety of written methods of assessment, multiple choice questions (MCQs), especially the single best option variety, remain the staple of examinations administered to medical students. MCQs are used extensively by medical schools and also in the initial steps of examinations by licensing bodies.Their logistical advantage of allowing testing of large number of students and broad sampling of topics in a relatively short time remains unchallenged by any other formats of written examinations. The format and wording of the stem of a MCQ, play an essential role in determining what is being assessed. In its simplest form a MCQ can ask about an isolated fact. Such a ‘context-free’ MCQ tests rote knowledge only. Higher order skills, such as interpretation and problem solving are best tested using a ‘context-rich’ stem, in which the question is embedded in a meaningful context. In medical subjects, context enrichment most often takes the form of a clinical vignette. The advantages of enriching the stem with a clinical vignette are two-fold. First, it allows for the assessment of higher order cognitive skills. Second, information is thought to be better recalled when the learning context is similar to retrieval context. In this book, MCQs are based on clinical vignettes. The clinical context will increase commitment of the student to acquire and retain basic knowledge of medical biochemistry.
1.1 NEED AND BACKGROUND 1.1.1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS WITHIN SOCIETY Man is a social animal both by need and necessity. Social institutions are born with cultural influences. Social institution is one of the products of culture. Institutions are necessary to maintain social order and control human behavior. Social institutions are born to satisfy human needs. All the needs and desires of the individuals and human beings are met by social institutions. Social institutions are simply social habits. For example, the habits of shaving in the morning, uttering prayers before going to bed. Habits are systematized instituted or established by groups. Institutions may also be defined as, “habitual ways of living together which have been sanctioned, systematized and established by the authority of communities”. An institution, therefore, “may be type of group”. In this sense the family is an institution, (and if it conducts itself in institutionalized ways) Robert Bierstead considers that “institutions as an organized way of doing something”. Institutions are socially important because they transfer cultural elements from one generation to another. For example, the father of the family teaches his sons and daughters about the family - the way of life, economic way of life and religious way of life. A social institution introduces unity in human behavior. A social institution also controls the conduct and character of man in the society. Modern life is not as simple as that of ancient times. It is complex. The complexity has been produced by our growing and different needs. The needs are self-preservation, Self-perpetuation and self-expression. These needs are met only by social institutions. Social institutions represent the social structure of the society. We can conclude that the social relationships include common values and procedure to achieve basic needs of society. Common value means shared ideas and goals, procedure means the accepted standardized norms and the social relationships include the behavior of the people. (A. Youb, 2008).
This Conference Proceedings of the National Seminar entitled “Multidisciplinary Research and Practice” compiled by Dr. M. Kanika Priya records various research papers written by eminent scholars, professors and students. The articles range from English literature to Tamil literature, Arts, Humanities, Social Science, Education, Performing Arts, Information and Communication Technology, Engineering, Technology and Science, Medicine and Pharmaceutical Research, Economics, Sociology, Philosophy, Business, Management, Commerce and Accounting, Teacher Education, Higher Education, Primary and Secondary Education, Law, Science (Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany), Agriculture and Computer Science. Researchers and faculty members from various disciplines have contributed their research papers. This book contains articles in Three languages, namely: English, Tamil and Hindi. As a editor Dr. M. Kanika Priya has taken up the tedious job of checking the validity and correctness of the research work in bringing out this conference proceedings in a beautiful manner. In its present shape and size, this anthology will, hopefully, find a place on the library shelves and enlighten the academics all round the world.
What is an abbreviation? Abbreviations have a long history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to save time and space, and also to provide secrecy. In both Greece and Rome the reduction of words to single letters was common. In Roman inscriptions, "Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation". However, "some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context. An abbreviation, on the other hand, is also a way to shorten a phrase but with a slight difference. In general, abbreviations tend to shorten the word or phrase being referenced by literally shortening the word but not creating a new one. So for example, shortening the word “avenue” to “ave.” is an abbreviation rather than an acronym because “ave.” does not form a new enunciable word. Similarly, shortening the names of the months, such as “December” to “Dec.” is also an abbreviation because when reading “Dec.” out loud, you would just say the full term “December.”
Saffron terrorism. Is it a fact? Or, is this a myth? After all, do we know enough? The shocking blasts of Malegaon and Samjhauta were projected as 'saffron terrorism'. A new theory, terrorist attacks were tainted as such till, a few years later, Kasab's confession offered solid proof of Pakistan's role in the 26/11 attacks. Though the police had concluded a Pakistani hand for the earlier blasts, it was saffron terrorism which prevented the perpetrators of these attacks from being brought to justice. As a theory, saffron terrorism is not just hurting Hindus sentiments but is also an obstacle to fight real terrorism sponsored by Pakistan and Islamic states. The term was coined by the erstwhile UPA government to garner minority votes and manipulate the vote bank. After all, why were the Malegaon-accused SIMI activists let off? Why did certain politicians declare not to oppose their bail? What was truly behind Aseemanand's confession? The reliability of these confessions was questionable given the police brutality that the National Investigative Agency exposed. Journalist Praveen Tiwari explores saffron terrorism and reveals through exclusive interviews of senior National Investigative Agency officials, undercover agents and politicians how vote bank politics can compromise ethics and national security. Should the real masterminds behind the blasts be allowed to go scot-free? Should the manipulators of the Samjhauta Express bombings not be held accountable? Should we not investigate those who had exonerated Pakistan of its guilt? An extensive research on communal politics, the book offers indisputable evidence of the 'saffron terrorism' theory as the Great Indian Conspiracy.
Ghoradeshwar Hill, located in Pune, India, is a popular destination for local tourists. It is a picturesque hill located in the Sahyadri range, offering breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes. The hill is renowned for its natural beauty and religious significance, making it a must-visit destination for nature enthusiasts and devotees. The Ghoradeshwar temple is located at the top of the hill and is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The hill is covered with lush green forests and offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscapes. It is a popular destination for trekking and hiking enthusiasts, who come to explore the many trails that wind through the hill. In addition to its natural beauty and religious significance, Ghoradeshwar Hill is also an important site for research and conservation. The hill is home to a variety of flora and fauna, including many endangered species. Conservationists and researchers come to study the biodiversity of the hill and work on conservation efforts.
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